The Ca 2؉ -and cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) and the related ATF-1 and CREM are stimulus-inducible transcription factors that link certain forms of cellular activity to changes in gene expression. They are attributed to complex integrative activation characteristics, but current biochemical technology does not allow dynamic imaging of CREB activation in single cells. Using fluorescence resonance energy transfer between mutants of green fluorescent protein we here develop a signal-optimized genetically encoded indicator that enables imaging activation of CREB due to phosphorylation of the critical serine 133. The indicator of CREB activation due to phosphorylation (ICAP) was used to investigate the role of the scaffold and anchoring protein AKAP79/ 150 in regulating signal pathways converging on CREB. We show that disruption of AKAP79/150-mediated protein kinase A anchoring or knock-down of AKAP150 dramatically reduces the ability of protein kinase A to activate CREB. In contrast, AKAP79/150 regulation of CREB via L-type channels may only have minor importance. ICAP allows dynamic and reversible imaging in living cells and may become useful in studying molecular components and cell-type specificity of activity-dependent gene expression.Changes in gene expression are a hallmark of long term adaptive processes in many cell types and are crucially involved in the conversion from short term to long term plasticity of neuronal circuits. Transcription factors of the cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB) 3 family have a prominent role in affecting such processes in various tissues and cell types (1-5). The family includes the homologous proteins CREB (6, 7), ATF-1 (8), and CREM (9). Upon stimulation a number of kinases phosphorylate the critical serine 133 residue within the kinase-inducible domain (KID) of CREB and the related transcription factors ATF-1 and CREM. Serine 133 phosphorylation leads to the recruitment of transcriptional coactivators, like CBP or its paralogue P300 that bind to the KID via the KID interaction domain (KIX) (10, 11). Interaction of CREB with CBP/P300 results in the assembly of the RNA-polymerase complex and in the expression of a large number of genes. Serine 133 phosphorylation is generally accepted as a key event in transcriptional regulation necessary although not in all cases sufficient, for CREB-mediated gene expression. Many studies focused on examining spatiotemporal profiles of CREB activation in cells and tissues by immunostainings using antibodies specific for serine 133 phosphorylation (for a selection, see Refs. 12-17). Few attempts were made to develop assays for real time imaging of CREB, a prerequisite for thorough analysis of the physiological events and the molecular dissection of signaling cascades converging on CREB (18,19). Genetically encoded indicators based on mutants of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) have become valuable tools to monitor spatiotemporal patterns of biochemical signals in live cells (20 -25). A number of indicators have ...