Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: The physiological causes, incidence and consequences

Plaizier, J.C.; Krause, Denis O.; Gozho, G.N.; McBride, B.W.

doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.12.016

Cited by 749 publications

(834 citation statements)

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“…Consistently, in this study HC goats had greater milk yield, milk fat and milk protein after fed with 65% concentrate diet for 10 weeks. A greater increase of total amount of milk protein may be associated with an increase in microbial protein synthesis through rumen-digestible organic matter in the rumen (Vanhatalo et al, 2003;Plaizier et al, 2008). Our results showed that HC goats had greater rumen-digestible organic substrates including propionate, butyrate, valerate, isovalerate and total VFA concentrations than LC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Therefore, in the current study greater VFA concentrations and lower pH indicate a disorder (SARA) in ruminal fermentation in goats fed with 65% concentrate diet for 10 weeks. SARA has been assumed to reduce the supply of nutrient precursors for milk production and then decrease milk performance in dairy cows (Kleen et al, 2003;Krause and Oetzel, 2005;Enemark, 2008;Plaizier et al, 2008;Khafipour et al, 2009). SARA induced by feeding ground alfalfa pellets or replacing 21% of the dry matter with pellets containing 50% wheat and 50% barley may reduce milk yield and milk fat, and tended to increase milk protein in lactating cows (Khafipour et al, 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a consequence, the ruminant microbial ecology and systemic metabolic state will change because of the rapid fermentation and subsequent excessive organic acids accumulation, and such animals are likely to suffer metabolic disorders such as acidosis, fatty liver, laminitis and even systemic inflammation (Alegre et al, 1988;Kleen et al, 2003;Plaizier et al, 2008;Dong et al, 2011;Tao et al, 2014). Our previous studies also showed that long-term feeding of a 65% high concentrate (HC) diet to lactating dairy goats led to subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) and disruptions of mucosal barrier in the hindgut (Dong et al, 2013;Tao et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in milk performance and hepatic metabolism in mid-lactating dairy goats after being fed a high concentrate diet for 10 weeks

Dong

Sun

Cong

et al. 2017

Animal

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Feeding a high concentrate (HC) diet is a widely used strategy for supporting high milk yields, yet it may cause certain metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the changes in milk production and hepatic metabolism in goats fed different proportions of concentrate in the diet for 10 weeks. In total, 12 mid-lactating goats were randomly assigned to an HC diet (65% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6) or a low concentrate (LC) diet (35% concentrate of dry matter, n = 6). Compared with LC, HC goats produced greater amounts of volatile fatty acids and produced more milk and milk lactose, fat and protein ( P < 0.01). HC goats showed a greater concentration of ATP, NAD, plasma non-esterified fatty acids and hepatic triglycerides than LC goats ( P < 0.05). Real-time PCR results showed that messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of gluconeogenic genes, namely, glucose-6-phosphatase, pyruvate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase were significantly up-regulated and accompanied greater gluconeogenic enzyme activities in the liver of HC goats. Moreover, the expression of hepatic lipogenic genes including sterol regulatory elementbinding protein 1c, fatty acid synthase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase mRNA was also up-regulated by the HC diet ( P < 0.05). HC goats had greater hepatic phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase than LC ( P < 0.05). Furthermore, histone-3-lysine-27-acetylation contributed to this elevation of gluconeogenic gene expression. These results indicate that lactating goats fed an HC diet for 10 weeks produced more milk, which was associated with up-regulated gene expression and enzyme activities involved in hepatic gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis.Keywords: milk performance, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, high concentrate diet, lactating dairy goats ImplicationsFeeding a high concentrate diet to ruminants is a common strategy for maintaining high milk yields. Unfortunately, there is a strong correlation between the amount of concentrate feeding and the occurrence of acidosis and fatty liver in practice, which will decrease animal welfare and result in significant economic losses. As the vital metabolic organ, the liver is responsible for nutrient partitioning and contributes to the input of substrate precursors to the mammary gland for milk production. Therefore, it is important to investigate changes of hepatic metabolism in lactating ruminants fed a high concentrate diet, which will help elucidate the internal mechanism behind these metabolic changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Changes in milk performance and hepatic metabolism in mid-lactating dairy goats after being fed a high concentrate diet for 10 weeks

Dong

Sun

Cong

et al. 2017

Animal

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“…Insufficient adaptation to diet may result in disintegration of the epithelium (22), translocation of lipopolysaccharides (30), and disturbed transport mechanisms (22) and can further cause subacute ruminal acidosis (14, 49). This disease not only can lead to depressed feed intake and milk production, but can also be associated with laminitis, inflammation, and liver abscesses (14,42,49).Hence, one objective of attaining an adequate diet composition for ruminants is to maintain the physiological functions of the forestomach, such as optimal fermentation and absorptive properties (15,20). The phenotypic effects of diets, particularly of concentrate supplementation on rumen morphology and physiology, have been well investigated (38, 55) and reviewed (7).…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of differentially expressed proteins in ruminal epithelium in response to a concentrate-supplemented diet

Bondzio¹,

Gabler²,

Badewien-Rentzsch³

et al. 2011

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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minal epithelium adapts to dietary change with well-coordinated alterations in metabolism, proliferation, and permeability. To further understand the molecular events controlling diet effects, the aim of this study was to evaluate protein expression patterns of ruminal epithelium in response to various feeding regimes. Sheep were fed with a concentrate-supplemented diet for up to 6 wk. The control group received hay only. Proteome analysis with differential in gel electrophoresis technology revealed that, after 2 days, 60 proteins were significantly modulated in ruminal epithelium in a comparison between hay-fed and concentrate-fed sheep (P Ͻ 0.05). Forty proteins were upregulated and 20 proteins were downregulated in response to concentrate diet. After 6 wk of this diet, only 14 proteins were differentially expressed. Among these, 11 proteins were upregulated and 3 downregulated. To identify proteins that were modulated by dietary change, two-dimensional electrophoresis was coupled with liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The differential expression of selected proteins, such as esterase D, annexin 5, peroxiredoxin 6, carbonic anhydrase I, and actin-related protein 3, was verified by immunoblotting and/or mRNA analysis. The identified proteins were mainly associated with functions related to cellular stress, metabolism, and differentiation. These results suggest new candidate proteins that may contribute to a better understanding of the signaling pathways and mechanisms that mediate rumen epithelial adaptation to high-concentrate diet.proteomics; mRNA expression; protein markers; sheep RUMINANTS ARE OF MAJOR WORLDWIDE interest and economic importance because of increasing meat and milk production. A substantial improvement in the productivity and performance of ruminants can only be achieved with adequate dietary supplementation. When high-yielding cattle, milk sheep, or goats merely consume forage, the intake of energy and protein is too low for the desired rates of animal performance. Hence, supplementation of forage-fed ruminants with sufficient amounts of energy and protein is necessary and significantly improves milk production or daily weight gain (41), but, particularly, a surplus of easily fermented carbohydrates or low-fiber intake will place the animals at risk. Such a change in the diet is a challenge for rumen microbes (31) and especially for the ruminal epithelium with respect to adaptation to the new fermentation pattern (47,55). Insufficient adaptation to diet may result in disintegration of the epithelium (22), translocation of lipopolysaccharides (30), and disturbed transport mechanisms (22) and can further cause subacute ruminal acidosis (14, 49). This disease not only can lead to depressed feed intake and milk production, but can also be associated with laminitis, inflammation, and liver abscesses (14,42,49).Hence, one objective of attaining an adequate diet composition for ruminants is to maintain the physiological functions of the forestomach, such as optimal fe...

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“…Παρά το γεγονός ότι ο παραπάνω ορισμός γίνεται ευρύτερα αποδεκτός στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία, υφί στανται ακόμη αποκλίνουσες απόψεις τόσο για την κατώτερη φυσιολογική τιμή pH του περιεχομένου της ΜΚ (Garrett 1996, Keunen et al 2002, Plaizier et al 2008, όσο και για το εάν η εξέλιξη της νόσου είναι υποκλινική, υποξεια ή ακόμη και χρόνια (Slyter 1976, Garrett 1996, Nocek 1997.…”

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Subacute ruminai acidosis in dairy cows

Kitkas

Panousis

Valergakis

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Subacute or subclinical ruminai acidosis (SARA) is one of the most important metabolic diseases of dairy cows, characterized by a decrease in pH of rumen fluid below 5.5 (up to 5), certain hours after feeding. SARA is commonly found in intensive livestock production systems; so far, its prevalence has been studied only in few countries and was found to be particularly high. The disease is caused by a decrease in rumen pH below normal level, due to an excessive increase of rumen volatile fattyacids (VFA) concentration. The increased concentration of VFA could be due to diets rich in easily fermentable carbohydrates or slow absorption of the VFA by the rumen wall, due to maladjustment in high energy diets. Finely chopped feeds that do not adequately stimulate mastication and rumination, resulting in less production of saliva that acts as a buffer of the rumen fluid pH, seem to play an important role in the etiology of the disease. The diagnosis of SARA, based on its definition, is established by rumen pH determination, at specific time intervals after feeding. Continuous pH data acquisition can be obtained, for research purposes only, by rumen cannulation and immersion in rumen fluid of a pH-meter that continuously transmits pH data to a computer. Alternatively, the pH-measuring device can be inserted orally into the rumen in a bolus form, which is also a transmittersending the pH data continuously to a computer. The latter method is very promising for clinical practice, but, unfortunately, is currently too expensive. It is easier and more affordable for practitioners to obtain a rumen fluid sample by either using a rumen tube or, preferably, by performing rumenocentesis, by which rumen fluid free of "contaminating" saliva is collected. Rumenocentesis is safe, easy to perform and more accurate than rumen tubing. The impact of SARA in dairy cows includes,amongst others, reduction of milk production, milk fat content depression, laminitis and, therefore, lameness, liver abscesses formation and, therefore, caudal vena cava syndrome, increased culling rate without any obvious cause etc. SARA treatment and prevention is mainly based on management and dietary measures that eliminate the causes of the disease.

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Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: The physiological causes, incidence and consequences

Cited by 749 publications

References 76 publications

Changes in milk performance and hepatic metabolism in mid-lactating dairy goats after being fed a high concentrate diet for 10 weeks

Changes in milk performance and hepatic metabolism in mid-lactating dairy goats after being fed a high concentrate diet for 10 weeks

Identification of differentially expressed proteins in ruminal epithelium in response to a concentrate-supplemented diet

Subacute ruminai acidosis in dairy cows

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