Sub-shot-noise correlation of total photon number using macroscopic twin pulses of light

Smithey, D. T.; Beck, M.; Belsley, M.; Raymer, Michael G.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.69.2650

Cited by 84 publications

(72 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…Our detection scheme, being based on direct detection of the photons in the two arms of the twin-beam, is somehow more noisy as compared to the schemes adopted in [4,5], which make use of electronic subtraction of the pin photocurrents of signal and idler. On the other hand, our technique has the advantage of keeping the information about the marginal probability distributions, whose data can be used for state conditioning/engineering by post-selection on one of the two parties.…”

Section: Conditional Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notice also that the use of spontaneous (not seeded) downconversion allows us to have a quantum noise reduction that is independent of the gain of the parametric amplifier. In fact, for an amplifier seeded by a coherent signal [4,5] the noise reduction is expected to be…”

Section: Sub-shot-noise Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far twin-beams have been obtained in the macroscopic regime from parametric oscillators [1,2,3] or from seeded parametric amplifiers [4,5] and, with much lower photon numbers, from traveling-wave optical parametric amplifiers (OPA) [6,7]. Quantum correlations between light beams play a crucial role in fundamental quantum optics [8] and find applications in quantum cryptography [9] and communication [10,11], spectroscopy [1], interferometry [12], as well as in enhancing sensitivity in imaging [13] and high-precision measurements [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sub-shot-noise photon-number correlation in a mesoscopic twin beam of light

Bondani¹,

et al. 2007

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We demonstrate sub-shot-noise photon-number correlations in a (temporal) multimode mesoscopic (∼ 10 3 detected photons) twin-beam produced by ps-pulsed spontaneous non-degenerate parametric downconversion. We have separately detected the signal and idler distributions of photons collected in twin coherence areas and found that the variance of the photon-count difference goes below the shot-noise limit by 3.25 dB. The number of temporal modes contained in the twin-beam, as well as the size of the twin coherence areas, depends on the pump intensity. Our scheme is based on spontaneous downconversion and thus does not suffer from limitations due to the finite gain of the parametric process. Twin-beams are also used to demonstrate the conditional preparation of a nonclassical (sub-Poissonian) state.

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Section: Conditional Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sub-shot-noise Correlationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sub-shot-noise photon-number correlation in a mesoscopic twin beam of light

Bondani¹,

et al. 2007

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“…al. [14] has indicated how high efficiency photon detectors can be used to detect large photon numbers but with an uncertainty in the actual photon number. Reid et.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrete phase measurements and the Bell inequality

Munro

1999

J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt.

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“…Nn, 42.65.Lm, 42.50.Ct, 42.50.Lc Recent advances in quantum information technologies have been the main driving forces behind the desire to build parametric down-conversion sources of entangled photon pairs (in the low-intensity limit) [1,2,3,4,5] or two-mode squeezed states (in the high-intensity limit) [6] with high fidelity. It is known that single-photon states of non-unit efficiency as produced by heralded single-photon sources using parametric down-conversion, cannot be purified by using linear optical elements and photo detection to yield states with higher efficiency [7,8].…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantum Theory of Light and Noise Polarization in Nonlinear Optics

Scheel

Welsch

2006

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We present a consistent quantum theory of the electromagnetic field in nonlinearly responding causal media, with special emphasis on χ (2) media. Starting from QED in linearly responding causal media, we develop a method to construct the nonlinear Hamiltonian expressed in terms of the complex nonlinear susceptibility in a quantum mechanically consistent way. In particular we show that the method yields the nonlinear noise polarization, which together with the linear one is responsible for intrinsic quantum decoherence.PACS numbers: 42.50. Nn, 42.65.Lm, 42.50.Ct, 42.50.Lc Recent advances in quantum information technologies have been the main driving forces behind the desire to build parametric down-conversion sources of entangled photon pairs (in the low-intensity limit) [1,2,3,4,5] or two-mode squeezed states (in the high-intensity limit) [6] with high fidelity. It is known that single-photon states of non-unit efficiency as produced by heralded single-photon sources using parametric down-conversion, cannot be purified by using linear optical elements and photo detection to yield states with higher efficiency [7,8]. That in turn means that post-processing of single-photon sources is impossible and the sources themselves have to be improved. In order to achieve the maximally possible purity of heralded single-photon states or correlated (entangled) twin-beam photons it is therefore necessary to investigate the theoretical limits nature imposes on us.An important step in this direction is to provide a quantum theory of light that takes into account nonlinear processes such as parametric down-conversion, and at the same time decoherence mechanisms due to unavoidable absorption losses of the nonlinear material the light interacts with. The theory of quantized electromagnetic fields in linearly and causally responding materials (with the linear response function satisfying the Kramers-Kronig relations) is well established (see, e.g., Refs. [9, 10, 11]). It has been known for some time that analogous Kramers-Kronig relations do also hold for nonlinear susceptibilities [12]. Hence, it will be interesting to see how these causal relations appear in a nonlinear quantum theory.Previous work on electromagnetic field quantization in nonlinear materials have focused on strictly lossless materials where Lagrangian methods and mode decompositions apply [13,14,15,16]. A first attempt to include in the field quantization both linear and nonlinear losses was made in Ref. [17] for Kerr media, by extending the linear harmonic-oscillator model used in the Huttner-Barnett quantization scheme [9] to a nonlinear one. A consistent approach that includes-for given nonlinear susceptibility-absorption and dispersion has not yet been formulated within the frame of (macroscopic) QED.In this article we will exemplify, on focusing on χ (2) media, how to consistently quantize the electromagnetic field in the presence of nonlinearly responding causal materials. This theory provides the starting point for further investigations of theoretical ...

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Sub-shot-noise correlation of total photon number using macroscopic twin pulses of light

Cited by 84 publications

References 24 publications

Sub-shot-noise photon-number correlation in a mesoscopic twin beam of light

Sub-shot-noise photon-number correlation in a mesoscopic twin beam of light

Discrete phase measurements and the Bell inequality

Quantum Theory of Light and Noise Polarization in Nonlinear Optics

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