Sub-Rayleigh Lithography Using High Flux Loss-Resistant Entangled States of Light

Rosen, Shamir; Afek, I.; Israel, Yonatan; Ambar, O.; Silberberg, Yaron

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.109.103602

Cited by 12 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Our N00N-state source can produce high-fidelity, high-N N00N states [15,16,19], and we have shown that the N00N state OCM signal displays N-fold super-resolution with a visibility that is nearly independent of N. Thus, our implementation is naturally applicable to higher photon numbers. This could be achieved using several exciting new technologies which are continually advancing, such as high-efficiency single-photon detectors [20,21], high-fill-factor single-photon detector arrays [22], and brighter down-conversion sources with high coupling efficiency [23][24][25].…”

Section: Fig 3 Experimentally Measured Centroids For One To Four Phmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Making this four-photon state requires that the laser two-photon rate be three times larger than the DC two-photon rate. However, even if the laser rate is further increased, increasing the four-photon count rate, the fidelity of the four-photon state will not be significantly degraded [19]. To make four-photon N00N states, we choose to make the laser two-photon rate 8.5 times larger than the DC rate (configuration 2), which leads to a fidelity with the ideal state of 85%, a theoretical OCM visibility of 85%, and increases the four-photon rate by about a factor of 10 (compared to the configuration in which the four-photon fidelity is optimized).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Scalable Spatial Superresolution Using Entangled Photons

et al. 2014

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N00N states -maximally path-entangled states of N photons -exhibit spatial interference patterns sharper than any classical interference pattern. This is known as super-resolution. However, even with perfectly efficient number-resolving detectors, the detection efficiency of all previously demonstrated methods to measure such interference decreases exponentially with the number of photons in the N00N state, often leading to the conclusion that N00N states are unsuitable for spatial measurements. Here, we create spatial super-resolution fringes with two-, three-, and fourphoton N00N states, and demonstrate a scalable implementation of the so-called "optical centroid measurement" which provides an in-principle perfect detection efficiency. Moreover, we compare the N00N-state interference to the corresponding classical super-resolution interference. Although both provide the same increase in spatial frequency, the visibility of the classical fringes decreases exponentially with the number of detected photons, while the visibility of our experimentally measured N00N-state super-resolution fringes remains approximately constant with N. Our implementation of the optical centroid measurement is a scalable method to measure high photon-number quantum interference, an essential step forward for quantum-enhanced measurements, overcoming what was believed to be a fundamental challenge to quantum metrology.Many essential techniques in modern science and technology, from precise position sensing to high-resolution imaging to nanolithography, rely on the creation and detection of the finest possible spatial interference fringes using light. Classically, all such measurements face a fundamental barrier related to the "diffraction limit," which is determined by the wavelength of the light [1], but quantum entanglement can be used to surpass this limit by making the spatial interference fringes sharper (a result referred to as super-resolution) [2,3]. In particular, the N-photon entangled "N00N" state can display an interference pattern N times finer than that of classical light [4,5]. However, N00N states suffer from a weakness that has made their advantage controversial: the probability of all N photons arriving at the same place, and thus the detection efficiency, decreases exponentially with N [6,7]. Here we implement the optical centroid measurement (OCM) proposed by Tsang [8] to completely overcome this problem. A proof-of-principle experiment confirming the underlying concept of the OCM was recently performed [9], but, being limited to only two photons and two 'movable' detectors, it could not probe the scaling properties nor demonstrate the efficiency gain of the OCM. In our experiment, using an array of 11 fixed detectors, we measure two-, three-, and four-photon spatial fringes, and find that their visibility does not degrade with the number of entangled photons, clearly displaying the enhanced efficiency and scalability of the OCM. The visibility of an unentangled OCM, on the other hand, decays exponentially. In doing...

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Section: Fig 3 Experimentally Measured Centroids For One To Four Phmentioning

confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Spatial Superresolution Using Entangled Photons

et al. 2014

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“…Our N00N-state source produces high-fidelity, high-N N00N PRL 112, 223602 (2014) P H Y S I C A L R E V I E W L E T T E R S week ending 6 JUNE 2014 states [15,16,20], and we have shown that the N00N state OCM signal displays N-fold superresolution, and a visibility that is nearly independent of N. Thus, our implementation is naturally applicable to higher photon numbers. This could be achieved using several exciting new technologies which are continually advancing, such as high-efficiency single-photon detectors [23,24], high-fillfactor single-photon detector arrays [25], and brighter down-conversion sources with high coupling efficiency [21,22].…”

Section: Prl 112 223602 (2014) P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T Ementioning

confidence: 88%

“…This requires that the laser twophoton rate be three times larger than the DC two-photon rate. However, even if the laser rate is further increased, increasing the four-photon count rate, the fidelity of the four-photon state will not be significantly degraded [20]. To make four-photon N00N states, we choose to make the laser two-photon rate 8.5 times larger than the DC rate (configuration 2), which leads to a fidelity with the ideal state of 85%, a theoretical OCM visibility of 85%, and increases the four-photon rate by about a factor of 10 (compared to the configuration in which the four-photon fidelity is optimized).…”

Section: Prl 112 223602 (2014) P H Y S I C a L R E V I E W L E T T Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable Imaging of Superresolution

Matthews¹

2014

Physics

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N00N states-maximally path-entangled states of N photons-exhibit spatial interference patterns sharper than any classical interference pattern. This is known as superresolution. However, even given perfectly efficient number-resolving detectors, the detection efficiency of all previous measurements of such interference would decrease exponentially with the number of photons in the N00N state, often leading to the conclusion that N00N states are unsuitable for spatial measurements. A technique known as the "optical centroid measurement" has been proposed to solve this and has been experimentally verified for photon pairs; here we present the first extension beyond two photons, measuring the superresolution fringes of two-, three-, and four-photon N00N states. Moreover, we compare the N00N-state interference to the corresponding classical superresolution interference. Although both provide the same increase in spatial frequency, the visibility of the classical fringes decreases exponentially with the number of detected photons. Our work represents an essential step forward for quantum-enhanced measurements, overcoming what was believed to be a fundamental challenge to quantum metrology.

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“…The sensitivity of the displacement x can therefore be improved by preparing a Schrödinger cat state of the momentum p. The N00N state composed by two optical modes with opposite momenta seems to be a good candidate, but the fragile high photon number N00N state is very difficult to prepare, to preserve, and to manipulate [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. On the other hand, a single photon can be easily prepared in an entangled state of two oppo- [28].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Heisenberg Limit Superradiant Superresolving Metrology

Wang

Scully

2014

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We propose a superradiant metrology technique to achieve the Heisenberg limit super-resolving displacement measurement by encoding multiple light momenta into a three-level atomic ensemble. We use 2N coherent pulses to prepare a single excitation superradiant state in a superposition of two timed Dicke states that are 4N light momenta apart in momentum space. The phase difference between these two states induced by a uniform displacement of the atomic ensemble has 1/4N sensitivity. Experiments are proposed in crystals and in ultracold atoms.

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Sub-Rayleigh Lithography Using High Flux Loss-Resistant Entangled States of Light

Cited by 12 publications

References 18 publications

Scalable Spatial Superresolution Using Entangled Photons

Scalable Spatial Superresolution Using Entangled Photons

Scalable Imaging of Superresolution

Heisenberg Limit Superradiant Superresolving Metrology

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