Sub-ppb detection limit of Cr, Pb, and Cu in water by surface-enhanced LIBS with femtosecond laser

High-sensitivity analysis of trace elements in water using femtosecond LIBS with dry droplet pretreatment on a metallic substrate

“…In our preceding research, we discussed the superior performance of femtosecond lasers over nanosecond lasers in the analysis of water samples. 40 In this paper, we have further explored the utilization of femtosecond lasers beyond our previous research. The primary aim was to elucidate the impact of varying droplet numbers on the detection capabilities of femtosecond LIBS under solid–liquid transition conditions.…”