Sub-lethal effects caused by the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine to the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha

Removal of benzoylecgonine from water matrices through UV254/H2O2 process: Reaction kinetic modeling, ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment

“…Considering an ACR equal to 10 3 and the EC50 of BE on nematodes evaluated in this work (0.6 ppm), a chronic toxic effect could be observed on nematodes at the BE concentration equal to 0.6 ppb. The predicted MATC value is in agreement with the results previously reported [13][14][15] regarding the negative effect of BE contaminated water solutions (0.5 and 1.0 ppb) on Dreissena polymorpha. Moreover, the ecotoxicity and genotoxicity tests carried out with the sample withdrawn at tf suggest, considering the same ACR value, that it is possible that the by-products, deriving by the UV 254 /H 2 O 2 , treatment of a solution containing BE at the concentration of 1 ppb, could exert a negative chronic effect on living organisms.…”

“…The exposure of freshwater mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, to BE contaminated water solutions (0.5 and 1.0 ppb), yielded a 3.5-fold increase in oxidative stress and increased or inhibited antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes activity depending on BE levels and exposure time [13][14][15].…”

Oxidative and genetic responses induced by Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ-9-THC) to Dreissena polymorpha

“…The first effort to fill this gap was carried out by Binelli et al (2012), who showed that environmentally relevant cocaine concentrations induced a remarkable sublethal effect to the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Further studies showed that concentrations of the main cocaine metabolites, the benzoylecgonine (Parolini et al, 2013a) and the ecgonine methyl ester (Parolini and Binelli, in press), similar to those found in the aquatic system, induced alterations of antioxidant activity, as well as increases of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonylation and genetic damage to D. polymorpha specimens. Lastly, a redox proteomics study showed an increase in protein carbonylation in gills from this bivalve after 14 days of exposure to a 1 μg/L benzoylecgonine concentration, as well as oxidative modifications in different classes of proteins, such as those of the cytoskeleton, energetic metabolism and stress response .…”

Does zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) represent the freshwater counterpart of Mytilus in ecotoxicological studies? A critical review

“…The Micronucleus (MN) test was the first genetic biomarker applied on the zebra mussel (Table 2), as reported by Mersch et al (1996b), who investigated the induction of micronuclei (MN) in D. polymorpha hemocytes and gill cells exposed to four different clastogen compounds (mitomycin C, bleomycin, dimethylarsinic acid and potassium chromate). Accordingly, further researches have been used this biomarker for testing genotoxicity of environmental pollutants (Table 2), showing significant increases of MN frequency in zebra mussel hemocytes caused by the exposure to various chemicals, such as B[a]P (Binelli et al, 2008b), p,p'-DDT and its p,p'-homologues (p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE, respectively; Binelli et al, 2008c), several PBDEs (BDE-47, -100, -154, -209; Riva et al, 2007;Parolini and Binelli, 2012a), personal care products (Binelli et al, 2008d), pharmaceuticals (Binelli et al, 2009a;Parolini et al, 2010Parolini et al, , 2011aParolini and Binelli, 2012b) and, recently, also some illicit drugs Parolini et al, 2013a;Binelli, 2013, 2014). MN test shows a fixed genetic damage, but the exposure to pollutants can also induce primary lesions, inducing DNA fragmentation as single or double strand breaks.…”

“…Considering the responsiveness, the reliability, the easiness and the quickness of the enzymatic methods, they are currently used to assess the potential toxicity of emerging pollutants towards the zebra mussel. Recent studies demonstrated that both 96-h and 14-day exposure to environmental concentrations of PBDE congener BDE-154 and of some common PPCPs, including paracetamol , ibuprofen (Parolini et al, 2011a) and triclosan , and illicit drugs as well, namely benzoylecgonine (Parolini et al, 2013a), ecgonine methyl ester , D-9-tetrahydrocannabinol ) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA- Parolini et al, 2014) imbalanced the activity of antioxidants and GST in treated D. polymorpha. Nowadays, biomolecular and biochemical assays are the main biomarkers applied on the zebra mussel to assess the toxicity of aquatic pollutants.…”