Sub-chronic exposure to Kalach 360 SL, Glyphosate-based Herbicide, induced bone rarefaction in female Wistar rats

Abstract

We investigated the effects of Kalach 360 SL (KL), Glyphosate (G)-based herbicide, on bone tissue in different groups of female Wistar rats. Group 1 (n=6) received a standard diet and served as a control, groups 2 and 3 (n=6 each) received 0.07ml (D1: 126 mg/Kg) and 0.175ml (D2: 315 mg/Kg) of KL dissolved in the water for 60 days. The plasma was used to examine the metabolic balance markers (calcium, phosphorus, phosphatase alkaline (PAL), and vitamin D (vit D) and hormonal status (oestrogen and thyroid hormones). As a result, subchronic exposure to KL induced a perturbation of bone metabolism (calcium and phosphorus) and hormonal status disturbance. The histological and immunohistochemical study of the thyroid gland revealed a disturbance in morphological structure and thyroid cells function. Moreover, the KL disrupting effect on thyroid function was investigated by measuring changes in plasma levels of thyroid hormones. Free triiodothyronine (FT3) and thyroxine (FT4) were decreased in female rats breast-fed from rats treated with D and D2 of KL. This J o u r n a l P r e-p r o o f effect was associated with an increase in the plasma level of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Thus, that KL leads to hypothyroidism. Decrease in levels of oestrogen and thyroid dysfunction led to a disruption in the skeletal bone. The histological study and SEM in bone results allowed us to observe, in rats exposed to KL, the thinning and discontinuity of bone trabecular with a significant decrease in the number of nodes (intertrabecular links).In conclusion, KL sub-chronic exposure caused an aspect of osteoporosis.

Changes in Male Rat Thyroid Gland Exposed to Roundup® and Gramoxone®

“…Glyphosate and GBHF Roundup Bioflow, and Kalach 360 SL decrease T4 and T3 hormone levels with an increase in TSH level (16)(17)(18) , and the result in the present study with the GBHF Roundup ® agrees with this. However, GBHF Roundup Transorb decreases the TSH level with no change in the T4 and T3 (19) .…”

“…Less importance was been given to histopathological changes in the thyroid on exposure to GBHF. Few data is available on GBHF Kalach 360 SL (17) and the present study confirms and provides data on histopathological changes in the thyroid on exposure to GBHF Roundup ® .…”

“…Most of the reported effects of GBHF are on thyroid hormone levels and enzymes involved in the pathway of T4 and T3 biosynthesis (16)(17)(18)(19) . Less importance was been given to histopathological changes in the thyroid on exposure to GBHF.…”

“…Glyphosate-based herbicide formulation (GBHF) and Paraquat-based herbicide formulations (PBHF) are broad-spectrum commercial herbicide formulations and are heavily used worldwide for quick weed killing. Few study data is available on the influences of glyphosate and GBHF on thyroid activity (15)(16)(17)(18)(19) . Compared to pure glyphosate and GBHF, the exposure impact of pure paraquat chemical and PBHF on thyroid toxicity is less well known.…”

Could Glyphosate and Glyphosate-Based Herbicides Be Associated With Increased Thyroid Diseases Worldwide?

“…Male and female offspring were sacrificed at PND73 (6 weeks) or PND125 (13 weeks) and an increase in serum TSH levels in males was observed after 6 weeks of treatment for glyphosate, and after 13 weeks for GBH. Hamdaoui et al (98) evaluated oral exposure to 126 mg/kg GBH during 60 days in female Wistar rats and investigated its action on bone tissue in correlation with the hormonal status of estrogen and thyroid gland. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis of the thyroid showed that after the exposure there was a relative increase in the appearance of follicles at rest with a consequent decrease in the number of active follicles, in addition to the appearance of macrophages, dilated follicles and flattened epithelium, with decreased volume of colloid.…”