Although
cell membrane-coated nanoparticles are widely used as
a promising nanodelivery platform, a few studies reported their application
in developing the teleost nanovaccine delivery system. Here, we present
a biomimetic vaccine delivery platform by encapsulating chitosan-loaded
DNA vaccine with teleost erythrocytes membrane modified by mannose.
The developed CS-G@M-M nanovaccine delivery platform shows good biocompatibility
in vivo and in vitro. With further modification of mannose moiety,
the constructed CS-G@M-M showed enhanced uptake by antigen-presenting
cells (APCs) and increased accumulation of CS-G@M-M in immune tissues
including spleen, kidney, and hindgut. Critically, using a quantitative
real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assay, increased mRNA
levels of immune-related genes were detected in spleen and hindgut
of vaccinated fish. Moreover, through enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay (ELISA), we found that the levels of CD80/86, TNF-α, IgM,
and IgZ in spleen and hindgut were significantly increased. To evaluate
the immunoprotection efficacy of the constructed nanovaccine, spring
viremia of carp virus (SVCV), a rhabdovirus of worldwide importance
that requires notification within 48 h to the International Office
of Epizootics once detected, was used as a model for virus challenge.
We carried out three challenge tests on 3rd, 21st, and 70th days post
vaccination, respectively. Notably, CS-G@M-M nanovaccine showed durability
of immunoprotection efficacy that could protect zebrafish from SVCV
challenge. This work presents a novel design of smart teleost erythrocytes
membrane-coated nanoparticles, which are inherently biocompatible,
promising for eliciting robust adaptive immune responses in preventing
fish viral diseases.