Sub- and supercritical liquefaction of rice straw in the presence of ethanol–water and 2-propanol–water mixture

Yuan, Xingzhong; Li, H.; Zeng, Guangming; Tong, Jingyi; Xie, Wei

doi:10.1016/j.energy.2007.04.011

Cited by 165 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Bio-crude from HTL of lignocellulosic materials usually has low levels of nitrogen with a maximum of 2% [14,16,21,22]. Higher levels of nitrogen have been reported for bio-crudes produced from garbage, wastewater sludge, and algae (up to 10%) due to the protein content of the feedstock [25,27,[30][31][32].…”

Section: Nitrogen Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bio-crude has been produced with only 0.1-1.3 wt % sulphur [22,31,33,35]. Biochar, on the other hand, has a higher sulphur content [13,61], which may mean reactions in liquefaction favour sulphur binding into compounds in the solid fraction.…”

Section: Sulphur Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nature of the process allows for feedstock with high moisture content, therefore a wide range of material can be subjected to HTL to produce bio-crude. Studies liquefying wood [15][16][17][18], forest residues [19][20][21], agricultural residues [14,16,17,20,22,23], municipal wastes [24,25], sewage sludge [26,27], manure [28,29], and algae [30][31][32][33][34][35] have been published.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels

2015

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) presents a viable route for converting a vast range of materials into liquid fuel, without the need for pre-drying. Currently, HTL studies produce bio-crude with properties that fall short of diesel or biodiesel standards. Upgrading bio-crude improves the physical and chemical properties to produce a fuel corresponding to diesel or biodiesel. Properties such as viscosity, density, heating value, oxygen, nitrogen and sulphur content, and chemical composition can be modified towards meeting fuel standards using strategies such as solvent extraction, distillation, hydrodeoxygenation and catalytic cracking. This article presents a review of the upgrading technologies available, and how they might be used to make HTL bio-crude into a transportation fuel that meets current fuel property standards.

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Section: Nitrogen Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sulphur Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels

2015

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“…The temperatures employed are usually higher than those employed in the pretreatment technologies in the biochemical route (i.e 150 to 200°C) and can reach as high as 375°C [184]. The solvents used can be water [185], an alcohol-water mixture [186] or acetone [184] under subcritical or supercritical conditions [186]. Non catalytic liquefaction as well as the use of a variety of catalysts such as alkalis [184] and ZnCl 2 [187] have been reported.…”

Section: Thermochemical Processing Of Lignocellulosic Biomass For Biomentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofuels Get in the Fast Lane: Developments in Plant Feedstock Production and Processing

Triantafyllidis¹

2013

Adv Crop Sci Tech

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In recent years, high volatility in oil prices and global climate change led to an increased interest in biofuel production to reduce dependency on foreign fossil fuel. Domestically produced plant feedstocks are environmentally friendly renewable substitutes for fossil-derived fuel and are expected to stabilize fuel prices. Plant-derived energy can offer rural development and other environmental, social and energy security benefits for local societies. Crops, grasses, trees, forest-residues and aquatic plants, all can be used as potential biofuel feedstocks. To meet the increased global and regional demand for bioenergy, evaluation and improvement of current and emergent plant feedstocks is urgently needed to reduce the cost of the resulting biofuels.

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“…By comparison of two parameters, including dielectric constants and critical values, isopropyl alcohol (ε = 19.92, Tc = 508.2 K, Pc = 4.8 MPa) may have better or more suitable properties for this reaction than ethanol (ε = 24.30, Tc = 513.8 K, Pc = 6.1 MPa). Liquefaction of biomass in water-isopropyl alcohol co-solvent has been reported in recent years (Yuan et al 2007), but the hydrothermal degradation of lignin in water-isopropyl alcohol co-solvent has rarely been investigated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrothermal Degradation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin in Water-Isopropyl Alcohol Co-Solvent

Qiao

et al. 2016

BioResources

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The effect of hydrothermal conditions on enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL) degradation in water-isopropyl alcohol co-solvent and optimal conditions were investigated. The yields and reactivity toward formaldehyde of degraded enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (DEL) were determined. The optimal conditions of temperature, time, and ratio of solids to liquids were 250 °C, 60 min, and 1:10 (w/v), respectively. The EHL and DEL were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), thermal gravity (TG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The results revealed that the molecular weight and polydispersity of DEL were lower than that of EHL. Although the fundamental structure of lignin before and after hydrothermal degradation was retained, the ether (β-O-4, α-O-4, etc.) content decreased, while that of hydroxyl (phenolic and aliphatic) increased. The DTGmax and Tg values shifted from 334 and 117 °C to 304 and 105 °C, respectively.

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Sub- and supercritical liquefaction of rice straw in the presence of ethanol–water and 2-propanol–water mixture

Cited by 165 publications

References 21 publications

A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels

A Review of Hydrothermal Liquefaction Bio-Crude Properties and Prospects for Upgrading to Transportation Fuels

Biofuels Get in the Fast Lane: Developments in Plant Feedstock Production and Processing

Hydrothermal Degradation of Enzymatic Hydrolysis Lignin in Water-Isopropyl Alcohol Co-Solvent

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