Styrene Plastics

Fumagalli, Carlo

doi:10.1002/0471238961.1921030306211301.a01

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 65 publications

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“…Polyesters are desirable targets for applications such as packaging, textile fibers, or performance materials, and can be obtained from the copolymerization of epoxides and cyclic anhydrides, such as succinic anhydride (SA) [3] . The current industrial synthesis of SA relies on the oxidation of n ‐butane to maleic anhydride (Scheme 1a), [4] followed by its hydrogenation. Alternative pathways to form SA from β‐propiolactone or ethylene oxide relying on carbonylation reactions have also been uncovered (Scheme 1b) [5] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Carbonylation of Acrylic Acid to Succinic Anhydride**

et al. 2023

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Alternative sources for polymeric materials have been sought in the past few years to reduce our dependence on fossil feedstock. We report the catalytic carbonylation of acrylic acid, a platform chemical that can be bio‐sourced, as a new pathway toward the formation of a useful monomer to polyesters, namely succinic anhydride. The novel system reported herein tackles the difficult carbonylation of unsaturated carboxylic acids through the utilization of an Earth‐abundant metal catalyst, [Co2(CO)8], in presence of a bidentate ligand, 1,2‐bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane (dcpe), and H2. We investigated the influence of the reaction conditions through the variations of metal, ligand, temperature, pressure, and gas composition. The carbonylative ring‐closure of acrylic acid was successfully obtained in high yield and selectivity toward the formation of succinic anhydride using mild conditions (90 °C and 16 bar of CO/H2 95 : 5).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Catalytic Carbonylation of Acrylic Acid to Succinic Anhydride**

et al. 2023

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Neurodevelopmental signatures of narcotic and neuropsychiatric risk factors in 3D human-derived forebrain organoids

et al. 2021

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It is widely accepted that narcotic use during pregnancy and specific environmental factors (e.g., maternal immune activation and chronic stress) may increase risk of neuropsychiatric illness in offspring. However, little progress has been made in defining human-specific in utero neurodevelopmental pathology due to ethical and technical challenges associated with accessing human prenatal brain tissue. Here we utilized human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) to generate reproducible organoids that recapitulate dorsal forebrain development including early corticogenesis. We systemically exposed organoid samples to chemically defined “enviromimetic” compounds to examine the developmental effects of various narcotic and neuropsychiatric-related risk factors within tissue of human origin. In tandem experiments conducted in parallel, we modeled exposure to opiates (μ-opioid agonist endomorphin), cannabinoids (WIN 55,212-2), alcohol (ethanol), smoking (nicotine), chronic stress (human cortisol), and maternal immune activation (human Interleukin-17a; IL17a). Human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids were consequently analyzed via an array of unbiased and high-throughput analytical approaches, including state-of-the-art TMT-16plex liquid chromatography/mass-spectrometry (LC/MS) proteomics, hybrid MS metabolomics, and flow cytometry panels to determine cell-cycle dynamics and rates of cell death. This pipeline subsequently revealed both common and unique proteome, reactome, and metabolome alterations as a consequence of enviromimetic modeling of narcotic use and neuropsychiatric-related risk factors in tissue of human origin. However, of our 6 treatment groups, human-derived organoids treated with the cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 exhibited the least convergence of all groups. Single-cell analysis revealed that WIN 55,212-2 increased DNA fragmentation, an indicator of apoptosis, in human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. We subsequently confirmed induction of DNA damage and apoptosis by WIN 55,212-2 within 3D human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. Lastly, in a BrdU pulse-chase neocortical neurogenesis paradigm, we identified that WIN 55,212-2 was the only enviromimetic treatment to disrupt newborn neuron numbers within human-derived dorsal forebrain organoids. Cumulatively this study serves as both a resource and foundation from which human 3D biologics can be used to resolve the non-genomic effects of neuropsychiatric risk factors under controlled laboratory conditions. While synthetic cannabinoids can differ from naturally occurring compounds in their effects, our data nonetheless suggests that exposure to WIN 55,212-2 elicits neurotoxicity within human-derived developing forebrain tissue. These human-derived data therefore support the long-standing belief that maternal use of cannabinoids may require caution so to avoid any potential neurodevelopmental effects upon developing offspring in utero.

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Styrene Plastics

Cited by 2 publications

References 65 publications

Catalytic Carbonylation of Acrylic Acid to Succinic Anhydride**

Catalytic Carbonylation of Acrylic Acid to Succinic Anhydride**

Neurodevelopmental signatures of narcotic and neuropsychiatric risk factors in 3D human-derived forebrain organoids

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