Studying the Interplay Between Apolipoprotein E and Education on Cognitive Decline in Centenarians Using Bayesian Beta Regression

Abstract

Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is an important risk factor for cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease in aging individuals. Among the 3 known alleles of this gene: e2, e3, and e4, the e4 allele is associated with faster cognitive decline and increased risk for Alzheimer's and dementia, while the e2 allele has a positive effect on longevity, and possibly on preservation of cognitive function. Education also has an important effect on cognition and longevity but the interplay between APOE and education is not well characterized. Previous studies of the effect of APOE on cognitive decline often used linear regression with the normality assumption, which may not be appropriate for analyzing bounded and skewed cognitive test scores. In this paper, we applied Bayesian beta regression to assess the association between APOE alleles and cognitive decline in a cohort of centenarians with longitudinal assessment of their cognitive function. The analysis confirmed the negative association between older age and cognition and the beneficial effect of education that persists even at the extreme of human lifespan in carriers of the e3 allele. In addition, the analysis showed an association between APOE and cognition that is modified by education. Surprisingly, an antagonistic interaction existed between higher education and APOE alleles, suggesting that education may reduce both positive and negative effects of this gene.

Apolipoprotein E ε4 and ε3 alleles associate with cerebrospinal fluid tau and cognition in the presence of amyloid-𝜷 in mild cognitive impairment but not in Alzheimer’s disease

“…Individuals who have two ε3 alleles are considered as ε3 carriers. Participants with one ε2 allele and one ε3 allele or two ε2 alleles are considered as ε2 carriers [40]. All APOE genotyping data used were from ADNI files "APOERES.csv" (accessed November 2020).…”

Modelo beta misto bayesiano para descrever a influência de diferentes cepas do fungo >i<Colletotrichum truncatum>/i< sobre a severidade da antracnose na sojicultora

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