“…The total radiation reaching the understory in closed tropical rainforests is 2-3 percent of that reaching the canopy (Mabberley, 1992). In addition, the microclimate beneath the canopy has high relative humidity, stable diurnal air temperatures, and low wind speeds or turbulent wind patterns compared to the canopy (Corlett, 2004;Kato, 1996;New, 2018). These conditions can pose challenges for pollinating insects and can reduce the effectiveness of aerial pollen transport (Corlett, 2004;Kato, 1996).…”