Study on the wintry thermal improvement of makeshift shelters built after Nepal earthquake 2015

Study on the Winter Thermal Environment and Thermal Satisfaction of the Post-Disaster Prototype and Vernacular Houses in Nepal

“…These results suggest that vernacular houses were better suited to the local climate conditions. Consistent with the findings of Thapa et al [28], the study observed that the indoor air temperature of the prototype house in Panipokhari closely aligned with the outdoor air temperature during nighttime. Meanwhile, the indoor relative humidity of vernacular houses remained relatively stable, fluctuating between 37% and 77%.…”

“…Likewise, in the Nepalese context, Rijal et al [22] also revealed that the indoor air temp ture of the traditional houses in the temperate climate in the winter month is 11.5 ° Bhaktapur, 14.8 °C in Dhading, and 15.3 °C in Kaski districts, which are also the 2015 ea quake-affected districts of Nepal. This study found that the indoor air temperature was ilar to the outdoor air temperature in the post-disaster house with a difference of only 1 in prototype house of Panipokhari, which is similar to the findings of Thapa et al [28] the difference of only 2.7 °C in the study of the earthquake-affected districts of Nepal. result of this study is similar to other studies, which revealed that although the indoo Vernacular Prototype Table 3 presents the comparison of the indoor and outdoor air temperatures of this study with the previous research carried out in the temperate region in the international and national context.…”

“…The study found that on the coldest day of winter, the average indoor temperature of the bedrooms of earth dwellings and brick dwellings was 6.3 • C and 4.2 • C, respectively, when the outdoor air temperature was 0.8 • C. In India, Singh et al [21] measured the indoor air temperature of 15 • C in vernacular houses when the outdoor air temperature was 13.7 • C. Likewise, in the Nepalese context, Rijal et al [22] also revealed that the indoor air temperature of the traditional houses in the temperate climate in the winter month is 11.5 • C in Bhaktapur, 14.8 • C in Dhading, and 15.3 • C in Kaski districts, which are also the 2015 earthquake-affected districts of Nepal. This study found that the indoor air temperature was similar to the outdoor air temperature in the post-disaster house with a difference of only 1.4 • C in prototype house of Panipokhari, which is similar to the findings of Thapa et al [28] with the difference of only 2.7 • C in the study of the earthquake-affected districts of Nepal. The result of this study is similar to other studies, which revealed that although the indoor air temperature of the vernacular house was higher than the prototype house, both were as low as the outdoor air temperature.…”

“…For instance, Uprety and Shrestha [27] conducted an investigation of post-disaster houses constructed in Dolakha and found that the utilization of vernacular materials in the prototype houses can reduce discomfort by 35%. Another study by Thapa et al [28] examined the winter indoor thermal environment in five makeshift shelters constructed after the Gorkha earthquake in Lalitpur, Nepal and found that the mean indoor and outdoor air temperatures were 10.3 • C and 7.6 • C, respectively, during the measured nighttime. However, the study found that the nocturnal indoor air temperature was lower than the lowest acceptable temperature of 11 • C, largely attributed to the use of the materials with a high heat loss coefficient per floor area (U-value).…”

Analysis of Thermal Insulation Thickness for a Container House in the Yanqing Zone of the Beijing 2022 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games

“…The occupants’ satisfaction with the thermal insulation performance of CHs is predominantly low [ 15 ]. Thapa et al [ 16 , 17 ] conducted a series of surveys on the indoor thermal environment and thermal comfort in four main earthquake affected districts in Nepal and analyzed the total heat loss coefficient per floor area of five shelters in Lalitpur during winter, which ranged from 11.3 to 15.2 W/(m 2 ·K), suggesting that thermal insulation was very low.…”