“…1 The ability to precisely control the array geometry, shape, diameter, and the interpore distance of the nanopore channels has made AAO one of the most widely studied nanostructured materials for scientific research and commercial exploitation. One example is the use of AAO as a template to fabricate other functional nanostructure arrays such as metals, 2 semiconductors, 3 polymers, 4 and carbon nanowires/nanotubes 5 for applications ranging from sensing, 6 electrocatalyst, 7 magnetic storage, 8 directional thermal emission, and energy conversion and storage. 9 Documented studies of the anodization of aluminum have been carried out universally by applying an electric field normal to the sample surface.…”