The morphology and optical properties of simple synthesized chlorine-doped graphene quantum dots (Cl-GQDs) were synthesized by transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and UV-vis spectrometry. The Cl-GQDs/In2O3 were synthesized by an ultrasonic treatment and the morphology, structure and composition, band gap, and surface area were analyzed by different techniques. The effect of the mass percentage of Cl-GQDs on the photoelectrochemical (PEC) behavior of In2O3 was investigated, and the results showed that 3 wt% Cl-GQDs could effectively improve the separation of photogenerated carriers. Moreover, the photocurrent density of 3 wt% Cl-GQDs/In2O3 was about ten times that of pure In2O3. Cyclic voltammetry measurements of Cl-GQDs/In2O3 under dark and light were compared to further investigate the capacitive effect of Cl-GQDs, and the results indicated that Cl-GQDs could store photogenerated electrons, inhibiting the recombination of electron-hole pairs. This work was expected to be helpful for enhancing the PEC performance of In2O3 and extending the application of Cl-GQDs.