Study on the Mechanism of Traumatic Brain Injury

Zhang, Yuelin; Aomura, Shigeru; Nakadate, Hiromichi; Fujiwara, Satoshi

doi:10.5772/36521

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

References 24 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Several FE head models have been developed for use in impact-related TBI simulations, many of which have been refined by benchmarking against the cadaver data published by the Nahum and Troisseau research groups (see [135][136][137]. These computational models have been used to study injury mechanisms, indicators of effect, and threshold doses in impact-related TBI studies, some of which closely simulate real-world accidents.…”

Section: Computer Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Anaesthetised Animal Models and Alternatives for Military Research, Testing and Training, with a Focus on Blast Damage, Haemorrhage and Resuscitation

Combes

2013

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Military research, testing, and surgical and resuscitation training, are aimed at mitigating the consequences of warfare and terrorism to armed forces and civilians. Traumatisation and tissue damage due to explosions, and acute loss of blood due to haemorrhage, remain crucial, potentially preventable, causes of battlefield casualties and mortalities. There is also the additional threat from inhalation of chemical and aerosolised biological weapons. The use of anaesthetised animal models, and their respective replacement alternatives, for military purposes — particularly for blast injury, haemorrhaging and resuscitation training — is critically reviewed. Scientific problems with the animal models include the use of crude, uncontrolled and non-standardised methods for traumatisation, an inability to model all key trauma mechanisms, and complex modulating effects of general anaesthesia on target organ physiology. Such effects depend on the anaesthetic and influence the cardiovascular system, respiration, breathing, cerebral haemodynamics, neuroprotection, and the integrity of the blood–brain barrier. Some anaesthetics also bind to the NMDA brain receptor with possible differential consequences in control and anaesthetised animals. There is also some evidence for gender-specific effects. Despite the fact that these issues are widely known, there is little published information on their potential, at best, to complicate data interpretation and, at worst, to invalidate animal models. There is also a paucity of detail on the anaesthesiology used in studies, and this can hinder correct data evaluation. Welfare issues relate mainly to the possibility of acute pain as a side-effect of traumatisation in recovered animals. Moreover, there is the increased potential for animals to suffer when anaesthesia is temporary, and the procedures invasive. These dilemmas can be addressed, however, as a diverse range of replacement approaches exist, including computer and mathematical dynamic modelling of the human body, cadavers, interactive human patient simulators for training, in vitro techniques involving organotypic cultures of target organs, and epidemiological and clinical studies. While the first four of these have long proven useful for developing protective measures and predicting the consequences of trauma, and although many phenomena and their sequelae arising from different forms of trauma in vivo can be induced and reproduced in vitro, non-animal approaches require further development, and their validation and use need to be coordinated and harmonised. Recommendations to these ends are proposed, and the scientific and welfare problems associated with animal models are addressed, with the future focus being on the use of batteries of complementary replacement methods deployed in integrated strategies, and on greater transparency and scientific cooperation.

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Section: Computer Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Anaesthetised Animal Models and Alternatives for Military Research, Testing and Training, with a Focus on Blast Damage, Haemorrhage and Resuscitation

Combes

2013

Altern Lab Anim

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Study on the Mechanism of Traumatic Brain Injury

Cited by 1 publication

References 24 publications

A Critical Review of Anaesthetised Animal Models and Alternatives for Military Research, Testing and Training, with a Focus on Blast Damage, Haemorrhage and Resuscitation

A Critical Review of Anaesthetised Animal Models and Alternatives for Military Research, Testing and Training, with a Focus on Blast Damage, Haemorrhage and Resuscitation

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