Study on the mechanism of furfural to maleic acid oxidized by hydrogen peroxide in formic acid solution

Abstract

<jats:p> Although the conversion of furfural to formic acid oxidized by H<jats:sub>2</jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2</jats:sub> in formic acid is very high, the molecular mechanism remains unknown. This work describes the entire reaction process of the condensation reaction based on the density functional theory (DFT). It is found that H acts as a shuttle throughout most of the basic reaction steps during this transformation. Besides, Baeyer–Villiger oxidation and Baeyer–Villiger rearrangement are also discovered during this process with the opening of furan ring following afterward. The reactants, products and intermediates in the reaction process are optimized; all possible reaction paths are considered as well as the energy barriers to be overcome at each step. Thermochemical data concerned with the conversion of furfural to maleic acid showed that the maximum energy barrier at 378.15[Formula: see text]K was 39.83[Formula: see text]kcal/mol. The results of this study do not only correspond with the existing conclusions about the reaction in question from previous research but also supplement to the study of the pathways and mechanisms of the reaction, which can provide reference and guidance for further research, both experimentally and theoretically. </jats:p>

Evaluation of Aquivion® as Recyclable Superacid Solid Catalyst in the Oxidation of Furfurylamines with Hydrogen Peroxide to 3‐Hydroxypyridines

“…[20] The BV reaction may occur as the first step. [21] Using dioxygen Kuo et al proposed a trioxabicyclic intermediate 5 for this oxidation. [14] These three pathways give after rearrangement the same key intermediate 6 where the amine group finally reacts with the carbonyl group at the opposite end, usually an aldehyde, to afford the cyclic aminal 7 which upon dehydration gives the intermediate 8.…”

“…The formation of a 4,5‐epoxydihydrofuran 4 was also proposed for the oxidation of furfural to malic acid with an additional Bayer‐Villiger (BV) oxidation to remove the formyl group [20] . The BV reaction may occur as the first step [21] . Using dioxygen Kuo et al.…”