Study on the foaming of CaO-SiO2-FeO slags: Part II. Dimensional analysis and foaming in iron and steelmaking processes

Ito, Kimihisa; Fruehan, R. J.

doi:10.1007/bf02654601

Cited by 97 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Laimbock [6] has observed that a minimum superficial gas velocity should be reached to initiate foaming of molten glass. The same observations have been made for different aqueous solutions [7][8][9][10][11][12], as well as for molten steel [1,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. Fig.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Minimum superficial gas velocity for onset of foaming

Pilon

Viskanta

2004

Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification

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This paper is concerned with semi-batch foams generated by injecting gas bubbles in a vertical column containing a liquid phase at rest. Its aim is to better understand the physical mechanisms responsible for foam formation at the liquid free surface and to predict the superficial gas velocity for onset of foaming. The model for predicting the onset of foaming is derived from the one-dimensional drift-flux model for gravity driven flow in the absence of wall shear. The analysis is based on experimental data reported in the literature and covers a wide range of physico-chemical properties, bubble sizes and shapes, and flow regimes. It identifies the inhibition of coalescence between rising bubbles and bubbles at rest at the free surface as a key mechanism responsible for the onset of foaming. A semi-empirical correlation for high viscosity fluids has been developed and good agreement with experimental data is found.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 57%

Minimum superficial gas velocity for onset of foaming

Pilon

Viskanta

2004

Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification

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“…It has been proved that the foam index for bath smelting slags by Ito and Fruehan,15) Jiang and Fruehan 2) and ladle slags by Roth et al 16) has the quantitative relationship with the slag physical properties. According to the previous research, 1) it is obvious that the foam stability of slags are affected by viscosity, surface tension, density, and the average bubble diameter.…”

Section: Application Of the Existing Correlation To The Present Expermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(8) derived by Ito and Fruehan. 15) Here V g * is a superficial gas velocity and h* height before foaming begins. Table 2.…”

Section: Foaming In Steelmaking Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foaming Characteristics of BOF Slags.

Jung

Fruehan

2000

ISIJ International

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Slag foaming measurements were carried out for BOF type slags that exist during the first half of the blowing period in order to better understand slopping of slag. The foam index (S ) decreases with increasing FeO up to about 20 % FeO content and is almost constant for FeO from 20 to 32 % FeO. This is believed to be because above about 25 % FeO, the viscosity is nearly constant. The foam index shows a minimum value at basicity[ϭ(CaOϩMgO)/(SiO 2 ϩAl 2 O 3 )] of 1.4 at 1 713 K; it increases at higher basicities due to the precipitates such as 2CaOSiO 2 or (Fe,Mg)O which stabilizes the foam. The effect of TiO 2 and MgO on foam index was also evaluated. An empirical equation for the foam index obtained by the previous researchers was applied to the present experimental results. The foaming during the first half of the blowing in BOF process was described based on the empirical relationship and the foam height was estimated for a BOS converter as a function of decarburization rate.

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“…These values were entered into the following equations. (24) 10) Ito and Fruehan 32,33) reported that gas fraction in the slag-metal-gas emulsion varies between 0.7 and 0.9. Average value of this range, 0.8 was used in the calculations of slag-gas continuum in this study.…”

Section: Basis Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Model of Oxygen Steelmaking Part 2: Application of Bloated Droplet Theory for Decarburization in Emulsion Zone

2011

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The development of a global model for oxygen steelmaking and its validation against industrial data was reported in Part 1 of this paper. This paper focused on the development of one sub-model on the decarburization reaction in the emulsion zone incorporating the bloated droplet theory. This paper also critically evaluated the current knowledge on the kinetics of decarburization reaction in the emulsion phase and discussed the repercussions of the new model for industrial practices. The decarburization model, in conjunction with the industrial data, indicates that the decarburization rates in the emulsion phase reaches up to approximately 60% of the overall decarburization rate during the main blow. It was found that the residence time of droplets as well as decarburization reaction rate via emulsified droplets was strong function of bloating behavior of metal droplets in the emulsion phase. The estimated residence times of the metal droplets in the emulsion were between 0.4 to 45 s throughout the blow. The influence of variations in droplet size and ejection angle on residence time and decarburization rates via emulsified droplets was also investigated. It was shown in this study that the decarburization rates in the emulsion were accelerated if droplet size was decreased or if the ejection angle was decreased.

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Study on the foaming of CaO-SiO2-FeO slags: Part II. Dimensional analysis and foaming in iron and steelmaking processes

Cited by 97 publications

References 10 publications

Minimum superficial gas velocity for onset of foaming

Minimum superficial gas velocity for onset of foaming

Foaming Characteristics of BOF Slags.

Comprehensive Model of Oxygen Steelmaking Part 2: Application of Bloated Droplet Theory for Decarburization in Emulsion Zone

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