Study on the Flame Retardancy and Hazard Evaluation of Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) Fibers by the Addition of Antimony-Based Flame Retardants

Abstract

Antimony oxide (ATO) is used mainly as a flame retardant, but it is classified as a hazardous substance. Therefore, regulations on the use of antimony trioxide (ATO(3)) and antimony pentoxide (ATO(5)) in textile products are being developed. Accordingly, there is a need for alternative flame retardants. In this study, antimony tetroxide (ATO(4)), which has higher thermal stability and resistance to acids and alkalis than ATO(3) or ATO(5), was selected to assess its use as an alternative flame retardant. First, ATO(3) or ATO(4) were added to poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) (PANVDC), and the film and wet-spun fiber were prepared. The PANVDC film with flame retardants was prepared to evaluate the flame retardancy and the mechanism of action of the flame retardants. Flame retardancy analysis showed that a limiting oxygen index of 31.2% was obtained when ATO(4) was added, which was higher than when ATO(3) was used. Subsequently, PANVDC fibers with antimony oxide were manufactured and showed improved mechanical and thermal properties when ATO(4) was used, compared to when ATO(3) was tested. In addition, migration analysis due to antimony in the fiber confirmed that the elution amount was below the acceptable standard when PANVDC fibers with ATO(4) were added. Therefore, based on these results, the flame-retardant and thermal properties of antimony tetroxide were superior to antimony trioxide, and it was confirmed that ATO(4) could be used as an alternative flame retardant to ATO(3).

Phosphorus/Bromine Synergism Improved the Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Terephthalate Foams

“…[ 20 ], and the flame retardants containing these elements play a flame-retardant role mainly in the gas phase or condensed phase. Common halogen-free flame retardants include red phosphorus [ 21 ], phosphonitrile [ 22 , 23 ], phosphonate [ 24 , 25 ], polyphosphoric acid [ 26 ], zinc borate [ 27 ], magnesium hydroxide [ 28 ], aluminum hydroxide [ 29 ], antimony trioxide [ 30 ], etc.…”

Incorporation of Antimony Ions in Heptaisobutyl Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes

“…[17,[46][47][48][49]. Antimony tri-and pentoxides, along with trihalides and oxyhalides, are well-known for their fire retardancy or resistance properties either in combination with halogenated compounds or blended into suitable composite matrices [50][51][52] (as halogen-functionalized clays [53] or organoclay combined with plasticizers in thermoplastic polymers [54]), thanks to the establishment of synergistic effects.…”