Study on the Effect of Hydrothermal Carbonization Parameters on Fuel Properties of Chicken Manure Hydrochar

Abstract

Economic development and population growth lead to the increased production of chicken manure, which is a problematic organic waste in terms of its amount, environmental threats, and moisture content. In this study, hydrothermal carbonization, an emerging way of waste disposal, was performed on chicken manure to produce an energy-rich material called hydrochar. The effects of hydrothermal carbonization temperature (180, 240, 300 °C) and process time (30, 90, 180 min) were summarized. Proximate and ultimate analysis, as well as low and high heating values were applied both on raw material and derived hydrochars. Additionally, the performance of the process was examined. The obtained results show that hydrothermal carbonization is a feasible method for chicken manure disposal and valorization. Although the process time did not influence the fuel properties of chicken manure considerably, a higher temperature led to a significantly higher heating value, reaching 23,880.67 ± 34.56 J × g−1 at 300 °C and 180 min with an improvement of ~8329 J × g−1 compared with raw chicken manure (15,551.67 J × g−1). Considering the energy gain value, the hydrochar derived at 240 °C in 30 min had the best result. Moreover, the energy consumption for this process was relatively low (124.34 ± 8.29 kJ × g−1). With its still feasible fuel properties and high heating value of 20,267.00 ± 617.83 kJ × g−1, it was concluded that these parameters of chicken manure hydrochar are the most beneficial and present a potential alternative for conventional fuel.

Co-hydrothermal carbonization of pretreated sludge and polyethylene terephthalate for the preparation of low-nitrogen clean solid fuels

“…Additionally, the yield decreased significantly with increasing temperature as the degree of destruction of the SS cell structure increased, promoting the hydrolysis of proteins and carbohydrates in the SS and causing more organic matter to enter the liquid phase. 27 However, it can be observed that the yield and energy recovery (ER) rate of the pre-treated SS are significantly higher than those of the original SS. It is known that proteins are easily hydrolyzed into amino acids under hydrothermal conditions and eventually flow into the liquid phase after a series of ring-closing and rearrangement reactions, leading to a decrease in ER rate and yield.…”

Actual Trends in the Usability of Biochar as a High-Value Product of Biomass Obtained through Pyrolysis

“…However, for such crucial waste as sewage sludge, each method for its utilization and management, even with minimal energy recovery, can be considered from a waste management perspective. [163,167,169,172,177,178,[181][182][183][184][185].…”

“…Figure 7. Impact of HTC temperature on straw hydrochars higher heating value and energy yields[163,167,169,172,177,178,[181][182][183][184][185].…”

Direct and Two-Stage Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Chicken Manure: Impact of Reaction Parameters on Biocrude Oil Upgradation

“…HTL produces a bio-oil phase along with hydrochar and aqueous and gaseous products. , Bio-oil can be further refined to produce commercial biofuel . Bio-oil product quality and yield depend on reaction conditions (temperature and reaction time), feedstock characteristics, and presence of a catalyst. − HTL bio-oil upgrading in conventional refineries to substitute fossil crude is hindered by its higher N and O contents. O and N are naturally present in the original feedstock and depending on the operating conditions can be transferred to bio-oil during HTL. ,, This decreases the bio-oil heating value and increases hydrogen consumption during the hydrotreating step to remove O and N. − HTC at low temperatures can partition N into the aqueous phase (AP) while retaining C in the solid hydrochar. ,, On the one hand, N in the APespecially in its inorganic form, e.g., NH 3 –N, NO 2 –N, and NO 3 –N– can be recovered as a fertilizer. , On the other hand, the C-rich hydrochar can be used as a feedstock in a subsequent HTL step to produce a bio-oil with lower N content.…”