Study on the changes of thrombosis-associated factors in patients with coronary heart disease of turbidity-phlegm blocking syndrome

Wang, Yunlong; Dong-qing, AN; Ma, Ning; Zhu, Meng; Sun, Hongyan

doi:10.1007/s11655-009-0337-z

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Wang et al found that the levels of three indices (Von Willebrand factor, D-dimer, and fibrinogen) increased in CHD patients and were higher in phlegm syndrome patients than in non-phlegm syndrome patients ( P < 0.05). They thought these three markers could be taken as the markers for differentiating phlegm syndrome in CHD patients [ 16 ]. Sun et al discovered a significant decrease in E-cad/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in phlegm syndrome patients with gastric carcinoma compared to those with the deficiency in both qi and blood and the deficiency-cold of stomach and spleen syndromes [ 17 ].…”

Section: Relation Between Phlegm Syndrome and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phlegm syndrome was found to have several synonyms in many papers. For instance, phlegm syndrome could be named “phlegm congealment type” [ 15 ], “phlegm-dampness syndrome” [ 13 ], or “turbidity-phlegm blocking syndrome” [ 16 ] in different studies. These unstandardized syndrome names hindered the understanding implication of phlegm syndrome to some extent.…”

Section: Conclusion and Prospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in many clinical studies on phlegm syndrome, investigators used different diagnostic criteria or efficacy criteria in clinical studies on phlegm syndrome, even if the disease they researched was the same. For example, Wang et al used the “Guiding Principle of Clinical Research on New Drugs of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2002)” as syndrome diagnostic criteria of CHD [ 16 ], while syndrome diagnostic criteria of CHD in the study of Ren et al were based on “criteria for TCM syndrome differentiation of patients with CHD (revised in 1990)” released by the China Society of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine [ 11 ]. Obviously, if researchers wanted to increase the research quality rapidly, a series of agreed criteria, such as syndrome diagnostic criteria and efficacy criteria clinical studies of phlegm syndrome, needed to be established urgently.…”

Section: Conclusion and Prospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances and Perspective of Studies on Phlegm Syndrome in Chinese Medicine

Zhang

2016

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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This review paper summarized the current situation of studies on the essence of phlegm syndrome and relation between phlegm syndrome, diseases, and therapeutics based on published English articles. In studies on the essence of phlegm syndrome, omic technologies were used to explore the molecular basis of phlegm syndrome; in studies on relation between phlegm syndrome and diseases, discovery of markers of phlegm syndrome in diseases becomes a hotspot; the distribution of phlegm syndromes in some common chronic diseases was found; in the therapy of phlegm syndrome, two therapeutic models, treatment with CM formula and treatment with a combination of CM formula and Western medicine, were used most frequently. It is certainly that using one omic technology is not able to deal with the complexity of phlegm syndrome and that the use of a combination of multiple omic methods will be a trend in future studies. Meanwhile, for rapidly increasing clinical research quality of phlegm syndrome, a series of agreed criteria, such as syndrome diagnostic criteria and efficacy criteria clinical studies of phlegm syndrome, needed to be established urgently, and there was an urgent need of standardizing syndrome names in English.

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Section: Relation Between Phlegm Syndrome and Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Prospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conclusion and Prospectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Advances and Perspective of Studies on Phlegm Syndrome in Chinese Medicine

Zhang

2016

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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“…And the main strategies include: (1) conducting the metabonomic and proteomic research (Shi et al, 2014b ; Zou et al, 2014 ; Jiang et al, 2015 ; Sun et al, 2015 ); (2) constructing MiRNA-target network (Liao et al, 2016 ; Liu et al, 2017 ); (3) integrating the classical formulas or herb pair (Chen et al, 2016 ; Xu et al, 2016 ; Zhou et al, 2016 ; Yue et al, 2017 ); (4) analyzing compound–nature pairs from TCM via chemical space visualizations (Liang et al, 2013 ; Fu et al, 2017 ); (5) using compound-target-disease associations to reconstruct the biologically-meaningful networks based on systems pharmacology (Zhou and Wang, 2014 ). Moreover, in recent years, a growing number of studies have focused on the biological mechanisms underlying BS with IHD (Mao et al, 2004 ; Liu Y. et al, 2011 ; Chen, 2012 ; Hao et al, 2013 ; Huang et al, 2013 ; Su et al, 2013 ; Wang and Yu, 2013 ; Li et al, 2015 ), PS with IHD (Wang et al, 2009 ; Zhao, 2009 ; Fang et al, 2011 ; Kong et al, 2014 ) and PSCS with IHD (Zhang et al, 1995 , 1999 ; Liu et al, 2008 ; Bai and Song, 2012 ; Lin et al, 2014 ; Zhao L. et al, 2014 ; Ren et al, 2015 ). However, the molecular mechanisms of PSCS with IHD have not been fully elucidated clearly and have not yet been investigated from a network medicine perspective (Hopkins, 2007 ; Li and Zhang, 2013 ), in particular the symptoms or cluster of symptoms (corresponding to specific syndromes) have been always ignored to be explored in system biology (Zhou et al, 2014a , b ), although symptoms were the most common and focused phenotypes in TCM (Chung, 2014 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrated Modules Analysis to Explore the Molecular Mechanisms of Phlegm-Stasis Cementation Syndrome with Ischemic Heart Disease

Yang

Jiang

et al. 2018

Front. Physiol.

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Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) has been the leading cause of death for several decades globally, IHD patients usually hold the symptoms of phlegm-stasis cementation syndrome (PSCS) as significant complications. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of PSCS complicated with IHD have not yet been fully elucidated.Materials and Methods: Network medicine methods were utilized to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of IHD phenotypes. Firstly, high-quality IHD-associated genes from both human curated disease-gene association database and biomedical literatures were integrated. Secondly, the IHD disease modules were obtained by dissecting the protein-protein interaction (PPI) topological modules in the String V9.1 database and the mapping of IHD-associated genes to the PPI topological modules. After that, molecular functional analyses (e.g., Gene Ontology and pathway enrichment analyses) for these IHD disease modules were conducted. Finally, the PSCS syndrome modules were identified by mapping the PSCS related symptom-genes to the IHD disease modules, which were further validated by both pharmacological and physiological evidences derived from published literatures.Results: The total of 1,056 high-quality IHD-associated genes were integrated and evaluated. In addition, eight IHD disease modules (the PPI sub-networks significantly relevant to IHD) were identified, in which two disease modules were relevant to PSCS syndrome (i.e., two PSCS syndrome modules). These two modules had enriched pathways on Toll-like receptor signaling pathway (hsa04620) and Renin-angiotensin system (hsa04614), with the molecular functions of angiotensin maturation (GO:0002003) and response to bacterium (GO:0009617), which had been validated by classical Chinese herbal formulas-related targets, IHD-related drug targets, and the phenotype features derived from human phenotype ontology (HPO) and published biomedical literatures.Conclusion: A network medicine-based approach was proposed to identify the underlying molecular modules of PSCS complicated with IHD, which could be used for interpreting the pharmacological mechanisms of well-established Chinese herbal formulas (e.g., Tao Hong Si Wu Tang, Dan Shen Yin, Hunag Lian Wen Dan Tang and Gua Lou Xie Bai Ban Xia Tang). In addition, these results delivered novel understandings of the molecular network mechanisms of IHD phenotype subtypes with PSCS complications, which would be both insightful for IHD precision medicine and the integration of disease and TCM syndrome diagnoses.

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“…Phlegm and blood-stasis are regarded as the most common patterns of CAD patients [ 5 ]. They are significantly related to hyperlipidemia [ 6 ] and atherosclerosis and platelet activating system [ 7 ], which determines the prognosis and stratification of CAD. Phlegm is defined as a viscous, turbid pathological product that can accumulate in the body, causing a variety of diseases [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlations between Phlegm Syndrome of Chinese Medicine and Coronary Angiography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Zhang

Liang

Gong

et al. 2015

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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Phlegm is one of the most common patterns of coronary artery disease (CAD) in Chinese medicine. Our research was aimed at investigating the association between phlegm syndrome of CAD and coronary angiography (CAG) by meta-analysis. According to inclusion criteria, a total of 30 studies involving 5,055 CAD patients were included. The meta-analysis showed that phlegm syndrome patients were prone to multivessel disease (28 studies, OR = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.88, P < 0.01) and higher Gensini score (2 studies, OR = 5.90, 95% CI, 1.86 to 9.94, P = 0.004), but not obviously relevant to severe stenosis (≥75%) of coronary arteries (13 studies, OR = 1.20, 95% CI, 0.63 to 2.27, P = 0.57). We concluded that the coronary arteries lesions of CAD patients with phlegm syndrome were more severe than those with nonphlegm syndromes. Phlegm syndrome should, therefore, be regarded as a dangerous pattern of CAD with worse prognosis.

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Study on the changes of thrombosis-associated factors in patients with coronary heart disease of turbidity-phlegm blocking syndrome

Abstract: The TPB: syndrome in CHD patients was closely related to the blood coagulation-fibrinolytic system; they might be in pre-thrombosis state, and the plasma levels of vWF, D-dimer, and Fg could be taken as the objective indices for thrombosis differentiation of TPB syndrome in CHD patients.

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Recent Advances and Perspective of Studies on Phlegm Syndrome in Chinese Medicine

Recent Advances and Perspective of Studies on Phlegm Syndrome in Chinese Medicine

Integrated Modules Analysis to Explore the Molecular Mechanisms of Phlegm-Stasis Cementation Syndrome with Ischemic Heart Disease

Correlations between Phlegm Syndrome of Chinese Medicine and Coronary Angiography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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