Study on Speciation of As, Cr, and Sb in Bottled Flavored Drinking Water Samples Using Advanced Analytical Techniques IEC/SEC-HPLC/ICP-DRC-MS and ESI-MS/MS

Abstract

The main aim of the research was to develop a complementary analytical approach consisting of bespoke speciation analysis and non-targeted speciation analysis of As, Sb, and Cr in flavored bottled drinking water samples using HPLC/ICP-DRC-MS and ESI-MS/MS. The scope of two previously developed analytical procedures, (1) multielemental speciation procedure for AsIII, AsV, CrVI, SbIII, and SbV analysis and (2) arsenic speciation procedure for AsB, AsIII, DMA, MMA, and AsV quantification, was extended to the analysis of a new sample type in terms of bespoke speciation analysis. As for the non-targeted speciation, analysis size exclusion chromatography was used with ICP-MS and a complementary technique, ESI-MS/MS, was used for the organic species of As, Sb, and Cr screening. Full validation of procedures 1 and 2 was conducted. Procedure 1 and 2 were characterized with precision values in the range from 2.5% to 5.5% and from 3.6% to 7.2%, respectively. Obtained recoveries ranged from 97% to 106% and from 99% to 106% for procedures 1 and 2, respectively. Expanded uncertainties calculated for procedures 1 and 2 ranged from 6.1% to 9.4% and from 7.4% to 9.9%, respectively. The applicability of the proposed procedures was tested on bottled drinking water samples. Results for the real samples in procedure 1 were in the range from 0.286 ± 0.027 [μg L−1] to 0.414 ± 0.039 [μg L−1] for AsIII, from 0.900 ± 0.083 [μg L−1] to 3.26 ± 0.30 [μg L−1] for AsV, and from 0.201 ± 0.012 [μg L−1] to 0.524 ± 0.032 [μg L−1] for SbV. CrVI and SbIII were not detected in any sample. As for procedure 2, results were in the range from 0.0541 ± 0.0053 [μg L−1] to 0.554 ± 0.054 [μg L−1] for AsB. Results for AsIII and AsV obtained with procedure 2 were in good accordance with results obtained with procedure 1. DMA and MMA were not detected in any sample.

Total Versus Inorganic and Organic Species of As, Cr, and Sb in Flavored and Functional Drinking Waters: Analysis and Risk Assessment

“…We applied the method previously developed in our laboratory for the speciation analysis of five toxic species of As, Cr, and Sb in drinking water samples using IEC/ICP-DRC-MS comprising two speciation procedures [32]. The procedures were extended to ensure that it would apply to flavored and functional bottled drinking waters.…”

“…The speciation analysis of organic species of As, Cr, and Sb was conducted only in cases when mass balance analysis showed significant differences between amounts of TAs, TCr, and TSb and concentrations of known As, Cr, and Sb species. Screening of metal complexes in water samples using SEC/ICP-DRC-MS was conducted, followed by an identification of possible complexes with the use of ESI-MS/MS [32].…”

“…Recovery values ranged from 92% to 108% for multi-elemental speciation analysis and from 95% to 107% for speciation analysis of arsenic. The measurement uncertainty values, expressed as a percentage of analyte concentration, were as follows: 9.4% for As(III), 9.2% for As(V), 6.1% for Cr(VI), 6.6% for Sb(III), and 6.2% for Sb(V) for multi-elemental speciation analysis, and 9.8% for AsB, 9.9% for As(III), 8.7% for DMA, 9.0% for MMA, and 7.4% for As(V) for speciation analysis of arsenic [32,34]. LOD values were also estimated for the TAs, TCr, and TSb quantification procedure and were as follows: As-0.038 µg•L −1 , Cr-0.045 µg•L −1 , and Sb-0.061 µg•L −1 .…”

Speciation Analysis of Trace Arsenic, Mercury, Selenium and Antimony in Environmental and Biological Samples Based on Hyphenated Techniques

“…However, the introduction of ICP-MS equipped with collision/reaction cell (CRC) or dynamic reaction cell (DRC) is an effective approach to overcome these problems linked with polyatomic interferences, among which the DRC technique is introduced by using the reacting gas, such as ammonia, hydrogen, oxygen, etc. The reacting gas overcomes these interferences by atom transfer or charge transfer reactions to break the polyatomic ions into atoms or ions with different m / z [121,177,178]. For example, a DRC for spectral interferences elimination by using oxygen and ammonia as reaction gases was developed by Marcinkowska et al [178] for multielemental speciation analysis of Cr(VI), As(III) and As(V) in water by advanced hyphenated technique HPLC/ICP-DRC-MS.…”

Flavoured water consumption alters pharmacokinetic parameters and increases exposure of erlotinib and gefitinib in a preclinical study using Wistar rats

“…Flavoured bottled water (FW), carbonated (sparkling) and still, are gaining popularity among consumers in recent years (Lorenc et al, 2019;Bilek et al, 2014;Brown et al, 2007). It was reported that retail sales of FW have increased by 72% in 2018 (Purdy, 2019).…”