Study on Renal stones: A review

Abstract

Renal stones represent one of the most prevalent urological conditions, arising from the abnormal accumulation of crystalline materials within the kidney, ultimately leading to renal impairment and urinary tract obstruction. This affliction encompasses four distinct types categorized by their chemical composition, with analysis typically conducted through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Numerous studies have highlighted the significant prevalence of bacterial presence in renal stones, correlating with a heightened risk of urinary tract infections among urolithiasis patients. This study provides a comprehensive overview of renal stones, exploring their various types, morphologies, diagnostic methodologies, risk factors, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations, while also delving into the associated infection dynamics. The bacterial species isolated from stone samples are thoroughly examined, elucidating their bacteriological profiles, with particular emphasis placed on their interactions with different stone types.