Study on penetration of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles into intact and damaged skin in vitro

Abstract

-It is important for toxicological assessment of nanoparticles to determine the penetration of nanoparticle in skin qualitatively and quantitatively. Skin penetration of four different types of rutile titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) (T-35, 35 nm, non-coating; TC-35, 35 nm, with almina/silica/silicon coating; Tdisp, 10 x 100 nm, mixture of almina coated and silicon coated particles, dispersed in cyclopentasiloxan; T-250, 250 nm, non-coating) was determined with in vitro intact, stripped, and hair-removed skin of Yucatan micropigs to study the effect of dispersion and skin conditions. The TiO 2 was suspended in a volaapplied at a dose 2 μl/cm 2 for 24 hr, followed by cyanoacrylate stripping. The Ti concentration in skin was determined by ICP-MS. T-35 and T-250 easily aggregated in suspension with a mean diameter greater than 1 μm. TC-35 and T-disp showed good dispersion properties with a mean diameter in suspension of approximately 100 nm. No penetration was observed regardless of TiO 2 type in intact and stripped skin.SEM-EDS observation showed that Ti penetrated into vacant hair follicles (greater than 1 mm below the skin surface), however, it did not penetrate into dermis or viable epidermis.

Preparation of Titanium Phosphates with Sodium Triphosphate in Hydrothermal Process and Their Powder Properties for Cosmetics

“…Another fault was that tetravalent titanium cation reduced to trivalent cation. We infer that this compound was a mixture of TiO(PO 3 ) 2 and Ti(PO 3 ) 4 . The previous work was unable to distinguish between TiP 3 O 9 and the mixture of TiO(PO 3 ) 2 and Ti(PO 3 ) 4 (for example Ti 2 O(PO 3 ) 6 .…”

“…To repress this effect, some kinds of the technical process are investigated and used. For example, as one of these techniques, the composite particles with silicon oxide are used [2]. However, these particles are hard materials for human face.…”

Development and evaluation of sunscreen creams containing morin-encapsulated nanoparticles for enhanced UV radiation protection and antioxidant activity

“…TiO 2 was able to penetrate into the vacant hair follicles. 11,[17][18][19][20] Physical UV absorbers like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide have been considered as highly protective agents against UVR. ZnO and TiO 2 combinations are particularly valuable because of their ability to filter both UVA and UVB radiations, providing broader UVR protection than that observed with individual component.…”

Effect of mechanical treatment on the powder properties of zinc phosphate white pigments

“…Therefore, when these compounds are included in cosmetics, a certain amount of sebum on the skin is decomposed by the ultraviolet radiation in the sunlight. To repress this effect, several technical processes have been investigated and used, including composite particles with silicon oxide [2]. However, such materials are too hard for use on the human face.…”