The binding interactions of three
gemini surfactants having different
spacer groups (12-4-12, 12-8-12, and 12-4(OH)-12) with a high concentration
(150 μM) of bovine serum albumin (BSA) at various regions of
binding isotherms have been studied by means of steady-state fluorescence
and fluorescence anisotropy, time-correlated single-photon counting
fluorescence of
trans
-2-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]benzothiazole,
small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and dynamic light scattering
(DLS) measurements. The fluorescence resonance energy transfer phenomenon
between the twisted intramolecular charge transfer fluorescent molecule,
trans
-2-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]benzothiazole as an acceptor,
and tryptophan 213 (Trp-213) of BSA as a donor has been successfully
used to probe the binding interactions of gemini surfactants with
protein at all regions of binding isotherms. The increasing order
of energy transfer efficiency at a higher concentration range of surfactants
is 12-8-12 > 12-4-12 > 12-4(OH)-12. Stronger binding of micelles
of
gemini surfactant molecules having a comparatively more hydrophobic
spacer group with the hydrophobic segments of the protein results
in closer approach of
trans
-2-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]benzothiazole
molecules solubilized in micelles to Trp-213. The average excited-state
lifetimes become shorter with a trend of increase in contribution
from the fast component and decrease in contribution from the slow
component to the decay with increasing concentration of a surfactant.
The nonradiative rate constant of
trans
-2-[4-(dimethylamino)styryl]benzothiazole
increases with increasing concentration of a surfactant because the
average microenvironment around it in protein–surfactant aggregates
is more polar as compared to that in native protein. SANS and DLS
measurements were carried out for the study of the structural deformations
in the protein, on enhancement of the concentration of the gemini
surfactants. The necklace and bead model has been used for the analysis
of SANS data for the protein–surfactant complexes. At a higher
concentration range, 12-8-12 and 12-4-12 have a slightly smaller fractal
dimension and a larger correlation length as compared to 12-4(OH)-12.
DLS data show that the increasing order of hydrodynamic diameter for
the complexes of protein with three gemini surfactants in their high
concentration range is 12-4(OH)-12 < 12-4-12 < 12-8-12.