Study on haemoglycemic effects of xylazine, diazepam and ketamine in surgically treated dogs

Khan, W. A.; Durrani, UzmaFarid; Aslam, Sadaf; Javeed, Aqeel; Mahmood, Asim; Waqas, Muhammad

doi:10.9790/2380-07911619

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…In the present the effect of anesthetic agents was also studied on serum glucose level, where increased level of serum glucose was recorded after analysis of blood serum while statistically significant (P<0.05) difference reported. Our results are in close with the findings reported by Wajid et al, (2014) where increased level of glucose was reported after administration of Xylazine in dogs (22). Efficacy of Xylazine was studied in various species of animals where increase the serum glucose level in cattle was reported by Brockman (1981) and in rats by Gotoh et al, (1988) depending upon its dosage (23,24).…”

Section: Serum Glucose Levelsupporting

confidence: 92%

Pharmacodynamics of Xylazine, Acepromazine and Diazepam on Various Physiological Parameter in Rabbits

Sarwar

Khan²,

Khan

et al. 2022

Pak Euro. J. Med & LS

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The aim of the present study was to explore the effect of three selective sedative/tranquilizer drugs i.e. Xylazine(XZ), Acepromazine(AC), and Diazepam(DZ) on normal physiological parameters such aspulse, respiration, body temperature and serum glucose.All the three drugs i.e. Xylazine, Acepromazine, and Diazepam were used at the dose rate of 8mg/kg, 5 mg/kgand diazepam1mg/kg respectivelythrough intramuscular route(I.M.)in six healthy rabbits of non-descriptive Before administration of drugs all physiological parameters were recordedPulse, respiration and body temperature shows significant (0.05) decrease after administration of these drugs. Maximum decrease in the pulse rate was recorded at 60, 30 and 45 minutes and were returned to its normal at 150, 135 and 135 minutes with XZ, AC and DZ Low respiratory rate was noted at 45, 30 and 75 minutes and were returned to the non-significant level at 105, 90 and 135 minutes with XZ, AC and DZ Body temperature decreased to its maximum at 45, 30 and 60 minutes and returned to its normal at 120, 120 and 135 minutes after administration of XZ, AC and DZ Onset of sedation started at 83±0.30, 6.16±0.47 and 3.83±0.30 minutes with XZ, AC and DZ Significant difference were found in XZ and AC, DZ and AC at 0.05 but there was no significant difference between XZ and Total duration of sedation was 101.17±1.07, 00±1.87 and 90.00±1.29 with XZ, AC and DZ respectively.XZ and DZ significantly (P< 0.05) increase serum glucose level while AC have no significant effect on serum glucose From the overall finding all the three drugs were were found safe for rabbits but XZ shows the best results.

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Section: Serum Glucose Levelsupporting

confidence: 92%

Pharmacodynamics of Xylazine, Acepromazine and Diazepam on Various Physiological Parameter in Rabbits

Sarwar

Khan²,

Khan

et al. 2022

Pak Euro. J. Med & LS

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“…It is documented that most anesthetic protocols induce a hyperglycemic state [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. This hyperglycemia varies according to the mechanisms of action of the different anesthetic drugs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the stimulation of the hypothalamus, CRH stimulates adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and induces the adrenal gland to release cortisol. Furthermore, both the surgical stress and the anesthetic protocol lead to the altered endocrine secretion of insulin antagonists such as growth hormone [ 51 ] The latter, together with cortisol, trigger glycogenolysis in muscles and liver [ 59 ]. Mild-to-moderate stress hyperglycemia is protective because it provides a source of fuel for the immune system and the brain at a time of stress [ 60 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in Hematological and Biochemical Profiles in Ovariohysterectomized Bitches Using an Alfaxalone–Midazolam–Morphine–Sevoflurane Protocol

Rubio

Satué

Carrillo

et al. 2022

Animals

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The aim of this study was to monitor hematochemical changes during and after OHE in bitches. Twenty-four females were anesthetized with alfaxalone, midazolam, morphine and sevoflurane. Blood samples were taken before anesthesia (T0), at 30 (T1), and 60 min (T2), at 3 (T3), 6 (T4), 12 (T5), and 24 h (T6), and at 3 (T7) and 7 days (T8) from the start of surgery. Red blood cells (RBC) and packed cell volume (PCV) decreased significantly from T1 to T5 and hemoglobin (HB) concentration from T4 to T6. Both the white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil (NFS) count increased significantly from T3 to T6, monocyte (MON) from T2 to T5, and eosinophil (EOS) at T5. Platelet (PLT) and plateletcrit (PCT) significantly decreased at T5 and increased from T6 to T8; platelet distribution width (PDW) increased significantly from T3 to T6. Creatine kinase (CK) activity increased significantly from T5 to T7. Glucose (GLU) concentrations increased significantly at T2 and P from T2 to T3. TG levels decreased from T2 to T4 and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels from T1 to T7, subsequently increasing until T8. Changes possibly resulting from stress and surgical trauma, as well as hemodilution and splenic storage, are due to anesthesia and surgery. In healthy bitches, these changes tend to gradually stabilize after the ending of OHE. A post-operative follow-up is essential to detect possible post-operative complications.

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“…Catecholamines released during stressful procedures lead to increased glucose levels to meet increasing metabolic demands [ 45 ]. As well, increasing the glucose level at the following inductions can be attributed to the hyperglycemic effect of ketamine and xylazine [ 46 , 47 , 48 ]. A significant decrease in insulin level was also reported in both groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immediate Postoperative Analgesia of Nalbuphine-Ketamine Combination Compared with Ketamine Alone in Xylazine-Sedated Goats Undergoing Left Flank Laparotomy

Abouelfetouh

Salah

Liu

et al. 2022

Animals

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Goats have been used as animal models in research, and the need for achieving safer anesthesia for research or surgical intervention is gaining much attention. The objective of this study was to evaluate intraoperative effects and the immediate postoperative analgesia of nalbuphine–ketamine regimen in goats. Twenty clinically healthy adult female crossbred goats weighing 14 ± 2 kg were allocated randomly into each of two equally sized groups. All animals were sedated with intramuscular (IM) xylazine (0.07 mg/kg), then anesthesia was intravenously (IV) induced with ketamine alone (10 mg/kg) (XK group), or a combination of nalbuphine (0.5 mg/kg) and ketamine (5 mg/kg) (XNK group). Following induction, left flank laparotomy was performed and then sutured. The quality of anesthesia and immediate postoperative analgesia was evaluated. Immediate postoperative analgesia was assessed up to 5 h after standing, using a modified Unesp–Botucatu acute composite pain scale (USAPS). Serum cortisol, glucose, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured at ½, 1, 2, 4, 6, 12, and 24 h, postoperatively (PO). The USAPS pain scores were significantly lower in the XNK compared to the XK group (p < 0.05). The XNK group exhibited a statistically significant difference in the level of serum cortisol at ½ and 1 h PO (p = 0.018 and 0.045, respectively) compared to the XK group. At 2, 4, 6 h PO, CRP significantly decreased (p = 0.023, 0.040 and 0.005, respectively) in the XNK compared to the XK group. Nalbuphine–ketamine produced an acceptable induction of anesthesia and recovery compared to ketamine. Recovery with nalbuphine–ketamine was faster and better quality. The USAPS pain scores were lower in nalbuphine–ketamine, indicating that this novel combination produces better postoperative pain control than ketamine alone.

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Study on haemoglycemic effects of xylazine, diazepam and ketamine in surgically treated dogs

Cited by 4 publications

References 19 publications

Pharmacodynamics of Xylazine, Acepromazine and Diazepam on Various Physiological Parameter in Rabbits

Pharmacodynamics of Xylazine, Acepromazine and Diazepam on Various Physiological Parameter in Rabbits

Changes in Hematological and Biochemical Profiles in Ovariohysterectomized Bitches Using an Alfaxalone–Midazolam–Morphine–Sevoflurane Protocol

Immediate Postoperative Analgesia of Nalbuphine-Ketamine Combination Compared with Ketamine Alone in Xylazine-Sedated Goats Undergoing Left Flank Laparotomy

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