“…The frequency spectrum of an HF signal scattered by the sea surface is usually assumed to include a pair of spikes, called Bragg lines [1,2,3], located around AEf B % AE0:102 ffiffiffi ffi f c p , where f c is the carrier frequency in MHz. Due to the non-stationarity of the ionosphere, the echoes may be subjected to regular and random phase-path variations over the coherent processing interval (CPI) [4].…”