“…1,2 Among the various 3D printing methods, fused deposition modeling (FDM) using thermoplastic polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyamide (PA), and others, stands out as a popular choice for research and development. [3][4][5] Among these thermoplastic materials, PLA offers a wide range of mechanical and chemical properties, making them suitable for diverse applications across industries. PLA also remains a popular choice for 3D printing due to its ease of use, biodegradability, and overall printability.…”