Study of thin calcium electrode degradation by ion beam analysis

Definition of encapsulation barrier requirements: A method applied to organic solar cells

“…A decrease of 50% in the initial PCE is observed only for 2.10 À 2 g m À 2 of water having diffused to the device. The perfect correlation between PCE and current behaviors indicates that poor stability is due to a rapid degradation of the calcium electrode with water [13]. In the case of the inverted structure, the decrease in PCE is much slower and the criterion is reached for 1.14 g m À 2 of water, which is 60 times more than for the classical structure.…”

Progress in Understanding Degradation Mechanisms and Improving Stability in Organic Photovoltaics

“…Low work function metals are well known to oxidize when exposed to atmosphere, particularly to water, without exposure to light . Oxidation alters the work function or the conductivity of the layer, both of which cause a reduction in performance.…”

Solution processable interface materials for nanoparticulate organic photovoltaic devices

“…10,11 However, the use of Ca layers with water-dispersed NPs in printed devices is problematic, since the instability of Ca to retained water is likely to limit its applicability in commercial scale organic solar cell production. 12 As such, an alternative interface layer (IL) that is better suited to solution based processing with improved resistance to oxidative degradation and/or hydrolysis is urgently required. In this Letter, we present zinc acetylacetonate (Zn(acac) 2 ) as an interfacial layer in NP organic photovoltaic (NPOPV) devices.…”