Study of the Stratum corneum Barrier Function by Transepidermal Water Loss Measurements: Comparison between Two Commercial Instruments: Evaporimeter&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt; and Tewameter&lt;sup&gt;®&lt;/sup&gt;

Barel, Alain; Clarys, Peter

doi:10.1159/000211345

Cited by 119 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…TEWL was measured both under basal conditions as well as following acute barrier disruption by repeated cellophane tape stripping, as previously described (32). Barrier recovery kinetics were then assessed by measuring TEWL at 4,8,24, and 48 h after acute disruption. For calculating percent change in TEWL, the following formula was used: [(TEWL stripped area at indicated time/TEWL control area at indicated time)/(TEWL stripped area before stripping/TEWL control area before stripping) Ϫ1] ϫ 100.…”

Section: Construction Of the Targeting Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Epiplakin Is Dispensable for Skin Barrier Function and for Integrity of Keratin Network Cytoarchitecture in Simple and Stratified Epithelia

Spazierer

Fuchs

Reipert

et al. 2006

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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Epiplakin, a giant epithelial protein of >700 kDa, belongs to the plakin family of cytolinker proteins. It represents an atypical family member, however, as it consists entirely of plakin repeat domains but lacks any of the other domains commonly shared by plakins. Hence, its putative function as a cytolinker protein remains to be shown. To investigate epiplakin's biological role, we generated epiplakin-deficient mice by gene targeting in embryonic stem cells. Epiplakin-deficient mice were viable and fertile, without developing any discernible phenotype. Ultrastructurally, their epidermis revealed no differences compared to wild-type littermates, and cornified envelopes isolated from skin showed no alterations in shape or stability. Furthermore, neither embryonal formation nor later function of the epithelial barrier was affected. In primary cultures of epiplakindeficient keratinocytes, the organization of actin filaments, microtubules, and keratin networks was found to be normal. Similarly, no alterations in keratin network organization were observed in simple epithelia of small intestine and liver or in primary hepatocytes. We conclude that, despite epiplakin's abundant and highly specific expression in stratified and simple epithelia, its absence in mice does not lead to severe skin dysfunctions, nor has it detectable consequences for keratin filament organization and cytoarchitecture of cells.

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Section: Construction Of the Targeting Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Epiplakin Is Dispensable for Skin Barrier Function and for Integrity of Keratin Network Cytoarchitecture in Simple and Stratified Epithelia

Spazierer

Fuchs

Reipert

et al. 2006

Molecular and Cellular Biology

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“…After acclimation for 5-10 min, the probe was applied perpendicularto the skin surface. Values were recorded after stabilisation of the reading (17). In a subgroup of subjects (n=7), 24 hrs after the detergent application, the skin reactivity was also evaluated by measure of Erythemal Index using Mexameter '(Courage and Kaharaka, distributed by Secchi, Milan, Italy).…”

Section: Tewl and Erythemal Index Determinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Levels of Enzymatic Antioxidants Activities in Mononuclear Cells and Skin Reactivity to Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate

Camera

Lisby

Dell’Anna

et al. 2003

Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol

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Chemical irritants are able to produce several biological modifications of the skin, including the direct or indirect production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species leading to an inflammatory reaction. This report examines the existence of a possible correlation between the skin sensitivity to the irritant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the activity of the enzymatic antioxidants. In twenty-three healthy subjects the evaluation of the epidermal and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) activities of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (Cat) demonstrate a significant correlation (r= 0,85 and p< 0,005 for SOD, and r= 0,87 and p< 0,0001 for Cat). Based on this result, on a further group of normal subjects (n=13) we studied the link between the threshold dose of skin reactivity to SDS and the activities of the enzymatic antioxidants in PBMCs. The degree of skin modification induced by SDS, applied at different concentrations for 24 hrs, was determined by means of Trans Epidermal Water Loss (TEWL), Erythemal Index or by Visual Score (VS). The minimal dose of the irritant capable of inducing skin modifications, was significantly correlated with SOD (r=0,77) and Cat (r=0,81) activities in PBMCs, and the modification ofTEWL or EI were inversely correlated with levels of antioxidants in PBMCs (r=-0,62 for SOD and r=-0,66 for Cat). Our results indicate that the skin reactivity to irritants can be modulated by the levels of antioxidants, and suggest a possible therapeutical approach in preventing irritant contact dermatitis.The skin represents the borderline between the body and the environment and is continuously exposed to several physical and chemical oxidative stimuli. Against the oxidative stress the skin is armed with a complex system of antioxidants, including both low molecular weight substances and enzymatic networks. The antioxidant enzymes (glutathione reductase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, etc) interact with the low molecular weight substances (vitamin E, vitamin C, glutathione, ubiquinol, ascorbate) giving a sophisticated defence system able to ensure the physiological cellular activity (1). The ability to counteract dangerous stimuli derives from the optimal equilibrium between the different antioxidants. For example, ubiquinol-IO recycles a-tocopherol whereas glutathione reduces the oxidized form of ascorbate (2). Moreover, the antioxidant defence system is involved at different levels, including prevention, interception, and repair of oxidative stress-induced damage. Firstly, the skin buffers the oxidative insult by scavenging the reactive oxygen species (i.e. by means of Catalase and Superoxide dismutase). Subsequently, lipoperoxidative processes can be prevented by antioxidants, such as tocopherols and l3-carotene. Finally, the damaged proteins, lipids and DNA can be repaired by several enzymatic systems: the lipid hydroperoxides are released from phospholipids by phospholipases and the free hydroperoxides are reduced by glutathione peroxidase; thioredoxin/thioredoxin reduc...

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“…TEWL from the dorsal skins of neonatal mice was examined under normal conditions, by using a Courage and Khazaka Tewameter TM210, as described previously (33). The instrument is an open chamber system with two humidity and temperature sensors which measure the water evaporation gradient at the surface of the skin.…”

Section: Measurement Of Transepidermal Water Loss (Tewl)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Defective stratum corneum and early neonatal death in mice lacking the gene for transglutaminase 1 (keratinocyte transglutaminase)

Matsuki

Yamashita

Ishida‐Yamamoto

et al. 1998

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

269

194

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The stratum corneum of the skin serves as an effective barrier for maintenance of the internal milieu against the external environment. At the cell periphery of the stratum corneum is the cell envelope, a highly insoluble membranous structure composed of precursor proteins crosslinked by -(␥-glutamyl)lysine bonds. Transglutaminase 1 (TGase 1; keratinocyte TGase), a membrane-bound isozyme of the TGase family, has been proposed to catalyze this process of assembly. Deficient cross-linking of the cell envelope in some patients with the autosomal recessive skin disorder lamellar ichthyosis (LI) and several mutations of the TGase 1 gene that have been identified in families with LI suggest the importance of this gene in production of the cell envelope. In this study, we generated mice lacking the TGase 1 gene, and we report that they have erythrodermic skin with abnormal keratinization. In their stratum corneum, degradation of nuclei and keratohyalin F-granules was incomplete and cell envelope assembly was defective. The skin barrier function of TGase 1-null mice was markedly impaired, and these mice died within 4-5 h after birth. These results clearly demonstrate that the TGase 1 gene is essential to the development and maturation of the stratum corneum and to adaptation to the environment after birth. Thus, these TGase 1 knockout mice may be a useful model for severe cases of LI.

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Study of the Stratum corneum Barrier Function by Transepidermal Water Loss Measurements: Comparison between Two Commercial Instruments: Evaporimeter<sup>®</sup> and Tewameter<sup>®</sup>

Cited by 119 publications

References 10 publications

Epiplakin Is Dispensable for Skin Barrier Function and for Integrity of Keratin Network Cytoarchitecture in Simple and Stratified Epithelia

Epiplakin Is Dispensable for Skin Barrier Function and for Integrity of Keratin Network Cytoarchitecture in Simple and Stratified Epithelia

Levels of Enzymatic Antioxidants Activities in Mononuclear Cells and Skin Reactivity to Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate

Defective stratum corneum and early neonatal death in mice lacking the gene for transglutaminase 1 (keratinocyte transglutaminase)

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