Study of the spontaneous formation of organic layers on carbon and metal surfaces from diazonium salts

Reaction of metals with benzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate in aprotic solvents

“…Strongly reducing properties are exhibited by carbon black [7]; clean Si surface, GaAs, Pd [28]; GC, Ni, Zn, Fe [29]; GC, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni [30]; Fe in acidic and neutral aqueous solution of some diazonium salts ([ArN 2 + ]BF 4 -, where Ar= −C 6 H 5 , −C 6 H 4 Br, −C 6 H 4 (CH 2 )CH 3 and −C 6 H 4 COOH) [31]; Al alloy and Cu [32]; cathodically activated platinum surface [33]; and graphitic carbon [34]. Moreover, Bélanger et al [35,36] have described the surface modification of carbon powder and copper electrodes by diazonium salts prepared in situ.…”

Controlled Zn‐Mediated Grafting of Thin Layers of Bipodal Diazonium Salt on Gold and Carbon Substrates

“…[4,9] Their stability upon exposure to elevated temperatures [20] or positive [21,22] and negative [13,16] electric potentials has also been demonstrated, as well as their long-term stability under atmospheric conditions. [4] The modification of substrates with diazonium salts has been carried out in acidic aqueous solution [6,23] or organic [23,24] media and by electrochemical [6,7,20] or spontaneous grafting by immersing the substrate in diazonium salt solution [8,9,11] or by microcontact printing. [25] The reduction of the diazo group has also been achieved by ultrasonication, [26,27] heating microwave assistance, [28] photochemistry, [29] or through the use of a chemical reducing agent such as iron.…”

“…This phenomenon is enhanced on metallic surfaces, in which the higher the reduction potential of the surfaces, the higher the number of molecules that will be immobilized, indicating that the surface contributes as a reducing agent facilitating dediazonation. [9,8] In the case of carbon, spontaneous grafting of the diazonium salt has been reported using a core-shell composite of carbon-coated LiFePO 4 , but the metals in the core of the composite contribute to the grafting process. [38] In the work reported here, we combine the principal advantage of potentiostat-free spontaneous grafting with the rapidness of electrografting.…”

Raman Characterization of Phenyl-Derivatives: From Primary Amine to Diazonium Salts

“…The rise in popularity of aryl-diazonium salts has further resulted from their efficiency in surface functionalization, where covalently attached coatings on (semi)-conducting materials bear a wide range of functional groups [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. In addition, the grafting can be accomplished by either chemical (spontaneous grafting), electrochemical, or physical methods [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]15].…”

“…In addition, the grafting can be accomplished by either chemical (spontaneous grafting), electrochemical, or physical methods [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]15]. Surface functionalization using diazonium salts has thus become one of the most powerful methods for coatings [8,13,14] through linking (bio)molecules [16,17], polymers [18][19][20] or nanoparticles [21].…”