Study of the Royal Jelly Free Fatty Acids by Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS)

Abstract

The lipidome of royal jelly (RJ) consists of medium-chained (8–12 carbon atoms) free fatty acids. We present herein a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) method that permits the determination of RJ fatty acids and at the same time the detection of suspect fatty acids. The method allows for the direct quantification of seven free fatty acids of RJ, avoiding any derivatization step. It was validated and applied in seven RJ samples, where the major RJ fatty acid trans-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) was found to vary from 0.771 ± 0.08 to 0.928 ± 0.04 g/100 g fresh RJ. Four additional suspect fatty acids were simultaneously detected taking advantage of the HRMS detection.

Normal-Phase HPLC-ELSD to Compare Lipid Profiles of Different Wheat Flours

“…In those cases, lipids have to be extracted and FFAs have to be further purified (e.g., by solid-phase extraction) after which they can be quantified by gas chromatography and flame ionization detection [ 75 ] and/or used as a standard to prepare a calibration curve for HPLC-ELSD quantification [ 47 ]. Alternatively, mass spectrometry detection, whether or not preceded by normal- or reversed-phase HPLC, can be used to quantify FFAs [ 76 , 77 , 78 ].…”

Recent Techniques in Nutrient Analysis for Food Composition Database

“…While another study employed frozen extraction method coupled with 2,4-dimethoxy-6-piperazin-1-yl pyrimidine (DMPP) derivatization which enhanced the selectivity and sensitivity for free fatty acid analysis in milk [ 142 ]. Contrarily, Kokotou et al [ 171 ] managed to develop a direct quantification method of fatty acids in royal jelly without derivatization method. Another sample preparation improvement in meat sample was developed by Agnew and co-workers [ 172 ].…”

“…In addition to proper sample preparation, selection of appropriate analytical tool is paramount for fatty acid analysis. Wide range of analytical tools, including GC [ 173 , 174 , 176 , 179 , 182 ], GC-MS, gas-chromatography vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy (GC-Vacuum UV) [ 178 ], gas-chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) [ 170 , 172 ], liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) [ 171 , 183 ], UHPLC-MS/MS [ 142 ], Raman spectroscopy [ 181 ], FTIR [ 188 , 189 ] and many more improved platforms have been used to perform FA analysis. Fatty acid analysis in LC-MS instrument showed some drawbacks in term of larger solvent consumption and lower selectivity [ 190 ].…”

Royal jelly alleviates the detrimental effects of aging on immune functions by enhancing the in vitro cellular proliferation, cytokines, and nitric oxide release in aged human PBMCS

“…In, mice fed with a diet containing RJ for 16 weeks had a prolonged average lifespan compared to the mice fed with a normal diet (Huidobro et al., 2013). RJ a principal food for the queen honey bee Apis mellifera appears to be among the dietary compounds that are frequently used as a health food supplement for humans (Kokotou et al., 2020). It is a creamy substance secreted from the hypopharyngeal glands and mandibular glands of the worker bees (Kunugi & Mohammed Ali, 2019) and is composed of many bioactive compounds, such as free amino acids, proteins, sugars, fatty acids, minerals, and B group vitamins, mainly vitamin B5 followed by vitamins B1, B2, B6, B8, B9, and B12 (Fratini et al., 2016).…”