Study of the microstructure of a Ni(100) single crystal grown by electron beam floating zone melting

Crystal Growth: Substructure and Recrystallization

“…The single crystals of the high-purity refractory metals are widely used in modern material science and technology (Alonzo et al, 1995;Calverly et al, 1957;Glebovsky et al, 1998;Hay et al, 1968;Liu & Zee, 1996;Moest et al, 1998). This necessitates both studying purification processes and developing advanced techniques of growing single crystals of high-purity refractory metals with modern electron beam (EB) guns (M. Cole et al, 1968;Glebovsky et al, 1986).…”

“…1). Single crystals of high-purity refractory metals can be grown exclusively by EBFZM because of their extremely high melting temperatures and chemical reactivity (Calverly et al, 1957;Hay et al, 1968;Alonzo et al, 1995;Moest et al, 1998;Glebovsky et al, 1998). This necessitates both studying purification processes and developing advanced methods of growing single crystals metals using modern electron beam guns (M. Cole et al, 1968;Glebovsky et al, 1986).…”

“…The growth of single crystals is usually accompanied by purifying liquid metals to high purity. It is demonstrated by preparation of the high-purity refractory metals with the residual impurities at the level of detection of the modern analytical techniques (Alonzo et al, 1995;Bdikin et al, 1999;Bozhko et al, 2008;Chaika et al, 2009;Brunner & Glebovsky, 2000a, 2000bCortenraad et al 2001aCortenraad et al , 2001bCortenraad et al , 2001cCortenraad et al , 2001dErmolov et al, , 2002Glebovsky et al, 1998;Markin et al, 2006Markin et al, , 2010Moest et al, 1998;Shipilevsky & Glebovsky, 1989). The most problematic metals in growing the single crystals of the refractory metals (molybdenum, tungsten, niobium, and tantalum) are two -molybdenum and tungsten.…”