“…There are review papers available on FSW of same Al alloy joints, which discuss various aspects of the process such as tool design, process parameters, heat generation, microstructure and mechanical properties [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The number of research papers on FSW of dissimilar Al alloy joints published to date is shown in Figure 2 (search on December 15, 2017 found 68 papers from Web of Science).…”
Section: General Progress In Fsw Of Dissimilar Al-al Combinationsmentioning
Friction stir welding (FSW) has enjoyed great success in joining aluminum alloys. As lightweight structures are designed in higher numbers, it is only natural that FSW is being explored to join dissimilar aluminum alloys. The use of different aluminum alloy combinations in applications offers the combined benefit of cost and performance in the same component. This review focuses on the application of FSW in dissimilar aluminum alloy combinations in order to disseminate research this topic. The review details published works on FSWed dissimilar aluminum alloys. The detailed summary of literature lists welding parameters for the different aluminum alloy combinations. Furthermore, auxiliary welding parameters such as positioning of the alloy, tool rotation speed, welding speed and tool geometry are discussed. Microstructural features together with joint mechanical properties, like hardness and tensile strength measurements, are presented. At the end, new directions for the joining of dissimilar aluminum alloy combinations should guide further research to extend as well as to improve the process, which is expected to raise further interest on the topic.
“…There are review papers available on FSW of same Al alloy joints, which discuss various aspects of the process such as tool design, process parameters, heat generation, microstructure and mechanical properties [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The number of research papers on FSW of dissimilar Al alloy joints published to date is shown in Figure 2 (search on December 15, 2017 found 68 papers from Web of Science).…”
Section: General Progress In Fsw Of Dissimilar Al-al Combinationsmentioning
Friction stir welding (FSW) has enjoyed great success in joining aluminum alloys. As lightweight structures are designed in higher numbers, it is only natural that FSW is being explored to join dissimilar aluminum alloys. The use of different aluminum alloy combinations in applications offers the combined benefit of cost and performance in the same component. This review focuses on the application of FSW in dissimilar aluminum alloy combinations in order to disseminate research this topic. The review details published works on FSWed dissimilar aluminum alloys. The detailed summary of literature lists welding parameters for the different aluminum alloy combinations. Furthermore, auxiliary welding parameters such as positioning of the alloy, tool rotation speed, welding speed and tool geometry are discussed. Microstructural features together with joint mechanical properties, like hardness and tensile strength measurements, are presented. At the end, new directions for the joining of dissimilar aluminum alloy combinations should guide further research to extend as well as to improve the process, which is expected to raise further interest on the topic.
“…In order to solve these problems, many welding methods have been practiced to investigate the joining between titanium alloys and stainless steels, mainly including brazing welding [7,[16][17][18][19][20], laser welding [2,5,6,[21][22][23][24][25], electronbeam welding [26][27][28][29][30][31], diffusion bonding [32][33][34][35][36], explosive welding [37][38][39][40], and friction stir welding [41][42][43][44][45][46][47]. Cu-based and Ag-based fillers were usually used to braze titanium/steel joints, while scattered brittle intermetallics, such as (Fe,Cu)Ti, Cu 4 Ti 3 , and CuTi [20,48] and Cu 4 Ti and CuTi 2 [7], were induced to the interfaces which were detrimental to the mechanical properties of the joints, and maximum possible tensile strength of the joints was found to be no more than 200 MPa [16][17][18][19][20]…”
High-quality joints between titanium alloys and stainless steels have found applications for nuclear, petrochemical, cryogenic, and aerospace industries due to their relatively low cost, lightweight, high corrosion resistance, and appreciable mechanical properties.is article reviews diffusion bonding between titanium alloys and stainless steels with or without interlayers. For diffusion bonding of a titanium alloy and a stainless steel without an interlayer, the optimized temperature is in the range of 800-950°C for a period of 60-120 min. Sound joint can be obtained, but brittle FeTi and Fe-Cr-Ti phases are formed at the interface. e development process of a joint mainly includes three steps: matching surface closure, growth of brittle intermetallic compounds, and formation of the Kirkendall voids. Growth kinetics of interfacial phases needs further clarification in terms of growth velocity of the reacting layer, moving speed of the phase interface, and the order for a new phase appears. e influence of Cu, Ni (or nickel alloy), and Ag interlayers on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the joints is systematically summarized. e content of FeTi and Fe-Cr-Ti phases at the interface can be declined significantly by the addition of an interlayer. Application of multi-interlayer well prevents the formation of intermetallic phases by forming solid solution at the interface, and parameters can be predicted by using a parabolic diffusion law. e selection of multi-interlayer was done based on two principles: no formation of brittle intermetallic phases and transitional physical properties between titanium alloy and stainless steel.
“…In comparison, reaction zones are narrower in FW even without interlayers and do not contain deformed base materials, since they get expelled out as flash during welding. However, zero bend ductility of as-welded joints and work piece geometry are causes for concern [110,116,148]. Figure 16 Temperature dependent variation in the width of interdiffusion zones in solid state welded Fe/Ti joints.…”
Section: Comparison Of Interface Microstructure and Propertiesmentioning
Joining of Ti and Fe-based alloys is challenging due to the formation of deleterious phases at the interface. Since fusion welding is unsuitable for the purpose, over the years, many solid-state welding techniques have been tried. This review provides a comparison of different solid-state joining methods used for Fe/Ti alloys with focus on the structural transformations in base materials, effect of process parameters on interface microstructure, its evolution and kinetics with thermal aging and structure–property correlation. Structural transformations in diffusion couples (near-equilibrium condition) are compared with those in weldments and a perspective is provided on the role of defects and alloying additions in enhancing/retarding reaction zone formation under both equilibrium and non-equilibrium conditions.
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