Study of the Factorial Invariance of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ) in Physical Activity Practitioners’ of Oriental Inspiration

Abstract

ResumoObjetivo: O bem-estar espiritual (BEE) é um constructo sujeito a influências culturais na sua definição. O propósito deste estudo foi contribuir para a validação da versão portuguesa do Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (SWBQ; Gomez & Fisher, 2003), através da confirmação da sua estrutura fatorial em praticantes de atividades físicas de inspiração oriental (AFO; e.g. tai-chi). Método: Participaram 342 praticantes de yoga (31%), tai-chi (32%), shorinji-kempo (30%) e meditação ativa (7%), de ambos os sexos (53% F) e com experiência continuada na atividade (M = 3,9; DP = 6,1 anos). Resultados: Análises Fatoriais Confirmatórias (AFC) revelaram índices de ajustamento menos favoráveis que os da amostra da população geral portuguesa (Gouveia et al., 2009) quer para o modelo de quatro fatores relacionados quer para o modelo hierárquico. Os modelos refinados ajustam adequadamente. Obtiveram-se bons índices de consistência interna e fiabilidade compósita para os quatro domínios e variância média extraída aceitável para o total de BEE. A Análise Multi-grupos demonstrou que apenas se verifica equivalência dos pesos fatoriais entre os grupos de exercício. Conclusão: Estes resultados contribuem para a validação da versão portuguesa da escala, confirmam impacto das normas culturais e sugerem vantagem na reformulação linguística de alguns itens.Palavras-chave: bem-estar espiritual, características psicométricas, atividade física AbstractAim: Spiritual Well-being (SWB) is a concept influenced by cultural factors. The aim of the present study was to analyze the factorial validity of the Portuguese version of the Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire (SWBQ; Gomez & Fisher, 2003) in physical activities that are inspired by eastern values (e.g. tai-chi). Method: The sample consisted of 342 participants of yoga (31%), tai-chi (32%), shorinji-kempo (30%) and active meditation (7%), of both genders (53% F) and with experience on the respective exercise modality (M = 3.9; DP = 6.1 yrs.). Results: The adjustment indices of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis for both the four-factor structure and the second-order model were less favourable in the present study than the adjustment indices previously obtained with the general population (Gouveia et al., 2009). The refined models fit the data adequately. Internal consistency and composite reliability were good for each of the four SWB factors, and the total SWB mean variance extracted was acceptable. Multi-group analysis supported only factor loadings equivalence between exercise groups. Conclusion: These results contribute substantially to the validation of the Portuguese version of the SWBQ. Moreover, the results obtained confirm the possible effect of cultural norms when the questionnaire is answered, and point out the importance of reformulating some of the translated items in order to increase validity.

Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Spiritual Well-Being Scale in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction

“…The two-component structure has been supported by previous research (Darvyri et al 2014 ). Other studies confirmed two factors (e.g., “experience of a relationship with God” and “existential elements of spirituality, in particular, life satisfaction, life direction and future, and life purpose” (Musa and Pevalin 2012 ) three factors (e.g., “Affiliation with God,” “Satisfaction with life,” and “Alienation from God”—sense of meaningless life [(Darvyri et al 2014 ), and four factors (e.g., “Develop trust in others,” “Develop self-awareness,” and “Develop a life of meditation and/or prayer” (Gouveia et al 2012 b) of the present scale. The present results may be explained through the Iranian cultural context where the study took place.…”

“…The reliability of the SWBS in various studies using different methods was in line with the present study. For example, Gouveia et al ( 2012a ) reported that the internal consistency of the four discovered factors was higher than 0.7. Moreover, Paloutzian and Ellison assessed the internal consistency of the SWBS using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the reliability was calculated as 0.88 (Paloutzian and Ellison 1982 ).…”

A Reevaluation of the Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity of the Spiritual Well-Being Questionnaire (SWBQ)

“…To date, apart from the initial scale development study of the SWBQ (Gomez & Fisher, 2003 ), there have been other studies that have examined the four-factor structure of the SWBQ (Abhari et al, 2018 ; Elhai et al, 2018 ; Gomez & Fisher, 2005 ; Gouveia et al, 2012 ; Nunes et al, 2018 ; Pong et al, 2020 ; Rowold, 2011 ). Many of these studies have also examined a one-factor model (all 20 items loading on a single factor), a CFA four-factor orthogonal model (four uncorrelated factors), and a higher-order factor model (the four primary factors loading on a single higher-order factor).…”

“…An examination of past CFA studies of the SWBQ shows that the findings of only two studies can be interpreted as meeting standards for good global fit in terms of GFI and SRMR values for the four-factor model (Gomez & Fisher, 2005 ; Rowold, 2011 ). The fit indices reported in the original study by Gomez and Fisher ( 2003 ) met the good fit cutoff for the SRMR, but not for the GFI for the two groups examined, and neither the CFI nor RMSEA met the criteria for a good fit where used (Gouveia et al, 2012 ; Nunes et al, 2018 ). Additionally, the one-factor model (Gomez & Fisher, 2005 ; Rowold, 2011 ), the four-factor orthogonal model (Gomez & Fisher, 2005 ), and the higher-order model (Gomez & Fisher, 2003 ; Gouveia et al, 2012 ; Nunes et al, 2018 ) all failed to show good or even adequate fit.…”

Nurses’ Perception of Spiritual Care Practices Among Hospitalized Patients: A Basis for a Program

“…Lepherd 2015A new concept of spiritual well -being has evolved over the last few years, aimed at bringing together the notions of spirituality and wellbeing. This new concept of spiritual well -being has a multidimensional perspective (Gouveia, Pais-Ribeiro, & Marques, 2012) and is sometimes deemed as a predictor of the quality of life and spiritual health status of patients. In addition, spiritual distress is a nursing diagnosis that has been mentioned in NANDA International (NANDA -I) since 1978 and is described as a state of suffering correlated with the significance of one's life, connected to one's self, towards others, to the world or to a superior (Caldeira, Carvalho, & Vieira, 2013).…”