Study of the environmental variables affecting the natural preservation of the Altamira Cave paintings located at Santillana del Mar, Spain

Quindós, Luis; Bonet, Anna; Diaz-Caneja, N.; Fernández, Pedro Luis Gallego; Gutiérrez, Isidro Hernández; Solana, J. R.; Soto, Jesús Huerta de; Villar, Emilio H. del

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(87)90037-0

Cited by 30 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Subterranean laboratories have contributed valuable environmental control tools in Spanish caves such as: Cueva del Agua , Cueva de Nerja (Carrasco et al, 1999), Cueva de Candamo (Hoyos et al, 1998), Gruta de las Maravillas , Cueva de las Ventanas (Ferna´ndez-Corte´s et al, 2002) and Cueva de Altamira (Quindos et al, 1987;Soler et al, 1999;Villar et al, 1984 and1986). Elsewhere in the world, there have been interesting microclimatic studies of caves like Grotta di Castellana, Grotta Grande del Vento (Cigna, 1993;Menichetti et al, 1996) and Grotta di Bossea (Civita et al, 1990) in Italy, Mammoth Cave (Jernigan and Swift, 2001) and Kartchner Cave (Buecher, 1999) in the USA, Glowworm Cave in New Zealand (De Freitas, 1998;De Freitas and Schmekal, 2003), Jenolan Cave in Australia (Michie, 1996), Grotte de Gargas (Mangin et al, 1999) in France, Moestroff Cave in Luxemburg (Massen et al, 1996) and some Brazilian (Sondag et al, 2003) and Slovak caves (Zelinka, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Geostatistical spatiotemporal analysis of air temperature as an aid to delineating thermal stability zones in a potential show cave: Implications for environmental management

Fernández-Cortés

Calaforra

Jiménez-Espinosa

et al. 2006

Journal of Environmental Management

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Geostatistical spatiotemporal analysis of air temperature as an aid to delineating thermal stability zones in a potential show cave: Implications for environmental management

Fernández-Cortés

Calaforra

Jiménez-Espinosa

et al. 2006

Journal of Environmental Management

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“…Regarding the study of degradation processes, the methodological approach has evolved over time . Nowadays, the artwork must be seen as an element that constantly interacts with its nearby environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Raman spectroscopic study of the degradation of a middle age mural painting: the role of agricultural activities

Veneranda

Irazola

López

et al. 2014

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The present work was focused on the investigation of the original and decayed materials as well as the degradation phenomena affecting the middle age mural painting preserved in the Assumption's church of Alaiza (Basque Country, Spain). Portable Raman spectroscopy assisted with energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence was used to identify the nature of the original compounds and to distinguish them from the following: (1) those used in recent restorations and (2) those considered as decaying compounds. The information obtained by this technique was used to select the sampling areas to perform laboratory Raman measurements and soluble salt test, supported by the use of ion chromatography in an attempt to clarify the degradation processes of the mural paintings. These analyses suggested the connection of the deterioration problems with the agricultural activity of the environment surrounding the church. For example, the use of industrial common salt (unpurified NaCl) against the snow and ice, as well as common fertilizers such as NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4, generates Na+ and NH4+ cations together with Cl−, NO3−, and SO42−anions that ascent the basal part of the walls causing the decarbonation of calcite and the subsequent disintegration of the mortar. Sulfate compounds were detected in the lower parts of the walls (below half a meter), while nitrate compounds were detected in the higher parts, at heights greater than 1 m. This work is a clear example of the conservation problems in cultural heritage related to the characteristics of the surrounding environment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…It is largely determined by air exchange with the outside. Being unsaturated with respect to calcite, condensed water induces condensational corrosion (Quindos et al , 1987; Sarbu and Lascu, 1997; Tarhule‐Lips and Ford, 1998; Dublyansky and Dublyansky, 1998; de Freitas and Schmekal, 2003, 2006; Dreybrodt et al , 2005). In this study, we focus on spatial/temporal distribution of cave temperature/humidity across the cave depending on cave ventilation mode.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Air circulation and its impact on microclimatic variables in the Císařská Cave (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic)

Faimon

Troppová

Baldík

et al. 2011

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Airflows and their impact on microclimatic parameters were studied in the two-entranced Císařská Cave (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic). Basing on the airflow direction with respect to the upper entrance (UE) and lower entrance (LE), three ventilation modes were distinguished: upward airflow one (UAF mode), downward airflow one (DAF mode), and transitional mode. A switching between the UAF and DAF happens in the transitional mode, in the range of external temperatures from 9.5 to 11.1°C. Basing on the extent of cave ventilation, a period of active ventilation and period of stagnant ventilation were recognised. The cave air is intensively exchanged with external airs during the active ventilation period when the cave persists in either the DAF or UAF mode. During the stagnant ventilation period, the single airflow modes switch during diurnal cycle and only cave entering passages are vented (impacted). The airflows were found to depend (i) linearly on the differences in cave-outdoor air densities, (ii) nonlinearly on the external temperature, and (iii) both linearly (LE) and non-linearly (UE) on the temperature gradient. Majority of the airflows showed high-frequency oscillations with the period from tens of seconds to minutes and with the amplitude up to 0.1 m 3 s −1 . Different airflow spectra were found at the individual entrances. The highest spectral densities were registered at low driving forces. The air circulation changed the pattern of temperature distribution depending on the ventilation mode and ventilation period. The cave relaxation length varied in the extreme range from 1 to 69.6 m. The asymptotic temperature and asymptotic specific humidity varied from 7.5 to 11.8°C, and from 5.47 to 7.15 kg kg −1 , respectively. The impact of airflows on the cave CO 2 levels is discussed based on a dynamic model.

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Study of the environmental variables affecting the natural preservation of the Altamira Cave paintings located at Santillana del Mar, Spain

Cited by 30 publications

References 3 publications

Geostatistical spatiotemporal analysis of air temperature as an aid to delineating thermal stability zones in a potential show cave: Implications for environmental management

Geostatistical spatiotemporal analysis of air temperature as an aid to delineating thermal stability zones in a potential show cave: Implications for environmental management

Raman spectroscopic study of the degradation of a middle age mural painting: the role of agricultural activities

Air circulation and its impact on microclimatic variables in the Císařská Cave (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic)

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