Study of the correlation between outdoor and indoor electromagnetic exposure near cellular base stations in Leuven, Belgium

Iyare, Rachel Nkem; Volskiy, Vladimir; Vandenbosch, Guy A. E.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2018.08.025

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The highest contribution to the total RF exposure comes from GSM900 readings representing (70%), followed by GSM1800 contributing by 19 % and UMTS2100 constituting 11%, respectively. This trend of higher exposure to GSM900 compared to exposure to GSM1800, and UMTS2100 is found to be very similar to that reported in Leuven city, Belgium, (Iyare et al 2019), and in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, (Alhekail et al 2012), where GSM900, GSM1800, and UMTS2100 were all measured using frequency-selective spectrum analyzers. Overall, the averages of GSM900, GSM1800, and UMTS measurements of all communication companies together were 0.01933 W/m 2 , 0.0067 W/m 2 , and 0.0046 W/m 2 , respectively.…”

Section: General Trend and Total Rf Exposuresupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Average values of electric strength (V/m) of two studies conducted in Europe were close to our results, where the first study was conducted in Belgium reported average values of 0.64 V/m, 0.53 V/m, and 0.33 V/m for GMS900, GSM1800, and UMTS, respectively, with these values being also far below the ICNIRP recommended values (Iyare et al 2019). The second European study was an interesting nationwide investigation in Turkey using frequency-selective analyzer, with results far below ICNIRP limits and resembled our findings particularly the averages of GSM1800 and UMTS measurements (Kurnaz and Mutlu 2020).…”

Section: Compliance With Icnirp Guidelines and General Safetysupporting

confidence: 87%

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Spatial variability of outdoor exposure to radiofrequency radiation from mobile phone base stations, in Khartoum, Sudan

Mohammed

Elzaki

Babiker

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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The wide-spread exposure to constantly evolving wireless technologies believed to pose a serious health threat. Human beings are persistently exposed to RF radiation from mobile phones and their base stations. The current study aimed at classifying and characterizing the exposure to RF radiation from the mobile phone base stations. Spatial distribution measurements were carried out in Khartoum city during two time periods, first in 2012 (pilot survey) and again during Sept. 2019-Jan. 2020, to cover a total of 282 antennas operating with GSM900, GSM1800, and UMTS2100. The tested antennas belong to three mobile communication companies namely Sudani, Zain, and MTN companies, that randomly coded into company A, company B, and company C for security purposes. Measurements were performed using frequency-selective RF analyzer at fixed distances from the antennas/ towers. Data were subjected to advanced repeated measures ANOVA, linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and spatial interpolation with ArcGIS. The averages of GSM900, GSM1800, and UMTS measurements were 0.01933 W/m 2 , 0.0067 W/m 2 , and 0.0046 W/m 2 . The high levels of power densities for each single antenna were recorded at 90 m, 110 m, 130 m, and at 150 m distances, for the majority (70%) of the measured antennas and the peak/highest values reported mainly at 110 m distance. Conversely, the discriminant loadings as part of LDA, suggested that, much of variance among measurements is attributed to measurements at 150 m, 170 m, and 190 m distances, while visual illustration of group centroids implied that, the RF signals of the different companies were measured separately which support accuracy of frequency-selective measurements. The LDA has confirmed the ANOVA results that, the overall difference between the three companies was statistically significant for UMTS, and GSM900 measurements but not significant for GSM1800 measurements. Kriging interpolation using ArcGIS provided a strong evidence of great spatial distribution of exposure across the study area, with market places and typical urban residential quarters showing highest levels of RF. Few extreme values exceeding ICNIRP limits are reported but excluded from the calculations because of an issue of normality of data that is considered a prerequisite for parametric data analysis. Existence of extreme levels of RF indicates a need for further investigation and some antennas of Company B are mounted on towers belongs to Company C, implying multi exposure. Unexpected pattern of RF levels continued to increase up to 190 m distance and possibly beyond 190 m is reported for UMTS measurements of Company C.

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Section: General Trend and Total Rf Exposuresupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Compliance With Icnirp Guidelines and General Safetysupporting

confidence: 87%

Spatial variability of outdoor exposure to radiofrequency radiation from mobile phone base stations, in Khartoum, Sudan

Mohammed

Elzaki

Babiker

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Res. Public Health 2020, 17, x; doi: FOR PEER REVIEW www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph microenvironments [15,16,20,24,[43][44][45][46], and third, to make sporadic and point measurements, and to design models to estimate exposure levels [12,[47][48][49][50][51][52]. Despite the results obtained in these studies, a large part of the population remains concerned as diseases of unknown etiology appear [53][54][55][56], which is why it is necessary to continue researching to try to respond to these concerns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Georeferencing of Personal Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from Wi-Fi in a University Area

Ramirez-Vazquez

Arabasi

Al-Ta’ani

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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In the last two decades, due to the development of the information society, the massive increase in the use of information technologies, including the connection and communication of multiple electronic devices, highlighting Wi-Fi networks, as well as the emerging technological advances of 4G and 5G (new-generation mobile phones that will use 5G), have caused a significant increase in the personal exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF), and as a consequence, increasing discussions about the possible adverse health effects. The main objective of this study was to measure the personal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from the Wi-Fi in the university area of German Jordanian University (GJU) and prepare georeferenced maps of the registered intensity levels and to compare them with the basic international restrictions. Spot measurements were made outside the university area at German Jordanian University. Measurements were made in the whole university area and around two buildings. Two Satimo EME SPY 140 (Brest, France) personal exposimeters were used, and the measurements were performed in the morning and afternoon, and on weekends and weekdays. The total average personal exposure to RF-EMF from the Wi-Fi band registered in the three study areas and in the four days measured was 28.82 μW/m2. The average total exposure from the Wi-Fi band registered in the ten measured points of the university area of GJU was 22.97 μW/m2, the one registered in the eight measured points of building H was 34.48 μW/m2, and the one registered in the eight points of building C was 29.00 μW/m2. The maximum average values registered in the campus of GJU are below the guidelines allowed by International Commission on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP). The measurement protocol used in this work has been applied in measurements already carried out in Spain and Mexico, and it is applicable in university areas of other countries.

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“…on-site measurements in a number of points grouped by area: micro area (coverage zone of the micro BS, zone1) and macro area excluding micro (coverage zone of the macro BS excluding micro zone, zone2). The measured average field strength for both zones ( � , ) 2), was scaled considering percentages of population indoor and outdoor, according to the following formula (7), in order to estimate the average field strength ( � ) for the population in the zone of measurements, where AttFactor is equal to 0.5 (6 dB), as suggested in [44]. The distribution of population indoor ( ) and outdoor (…”

Section: Downlink Exposure Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Average Total EMF Exposure for Microcell/Macrocell Topologies Using Novel Methodology Based on Operational Network Measurements

et al. 2021

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Study of the correlation between outdoor and indoor electromagnetic exposure near cellular base stations in Leuven, Belgium

Cited by 20 publications

References 50 publications

Spatial variability of outdoor exposure to radiofrequency radiation from mobile phone base stations, in Khartoum, Sudan

Spatial variability of outdoor exposure to radiofrequency radiation from mobile phone base stations, in Khartoum, Sudan

Georeferencing of Personal Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from Wi-Fi in a University Area

Comparison of Average Total EMF Exposure for Microcell/Macrocell Topologies Using Novel Methodology Based on Operational Network Measurements

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