Study of the Composition of a Precipitate Formed from Solutions for the Synthesis of Cathodic Materials Containing Manganese and Citric Acid

Antisolvent Precipitation for Metal Recovery from Citric Acid Solution in Recycling of NMC Cathode Materials

“…The thermogravimetric analysis of the mixed solid phase is reported in Figure 7. Two transition temperatures can be seen: one transition from about 220 • C to 300 • C, which can be attributed to the loss of water; the second transition from about 350 • C to 380 • C may result from the transformation of citrate salt into oxides [35]. The loss of ignition at 1000 • C was 72.5%.…”

“…The XRD pattern of the Mn(II) precipitate obtained in Exp. M7 (Table 3) shows the presence of Mn(HC 6 H 5 O 7 )•H 2 O [35] and other phases, which were not identified (Supplementary Materials, Figure S2). Likewise, the Co(II) precipitate obtained in Exp.…”

“…C7 could not be identified (Supplementary Materials, Figure S3). Citric acid is commonly used in gel combustion synthesis of metal oxides and the tendency for formation of amorphous metal citrate precursors or gels in these systems is well-known [35][36][37]. Nevertheless, the crystal quality can potentially be improved by controlling the antisolvent addition rate in order to maintain a lower degree of supersaturation during nucleation and crystal growth [38].…”

A green process for recycling and synthesis of cathode materials LiMn2O4from spent lithium-ion batteries using citric acid

“…These might be attributed to higher acid concentration in this work than that (0.3 M citric acid) in other work. 28 Similarly, Nefedova et al 31 claimed that after reagents containing manganese ions were added to citric acid solution, small clusters of Mn(C 6 H 6 O 7 )·H 2 O at molecular level began forming in solution. These clusters then were the role of primary nuclei of particles on which larger aggregates were continuously formed.…”

“…According to the matching result in the DIFFRAC.EVA standard database, the substance in this work was identied as C 6 H 8 MnO 8 , namely monohydrate manganese citrate Mn(C 6 -H 6 O 7 )$H 2 O, which are similar to other studies and belongs to orthorhombic crystal lattice, with space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 . 30,31 Fig. 3 shows the SEM images of white precipitate Mn(C 6 H 6 -O 7 )$H 2 O in leaching processes.…”