“…Interactions of specific amino acid sequences within a protein are known to affect the overall adsorption process to a solid substrate. , For this reason, considerable efforts have been made to understand the adsorption properties of amino acids using various substrates and diagnostic tools. Studies using titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), , silica, , alumina, graphite, gold, , stainless steel, platinum, , and silver have consistently shown that the macroscopic adsorption behavior of various amino acids is intimately related to pH, concentration and charges on the amino acids, and the particular solid substrates used. In particular, in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) studies combined with electrochemical techniques have produced valuable information regarding the structures and oxidation mechanisms of adsorbed amino acids at the platinum and gold electrodes. ,, FTIR spectra have shown that amino acids are adsorbed by 2-fold coordination via a carboxylate group (CO 2 - ) on the metal surface.…”