Study of TH1/TH2 Cytokine Profiles in HIV/AIDS Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India

Kaur, Ravinder; Dhakad, Megh Singh

doi:10.4172/2161-0703.1000214

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…25 In the setting of HIV infection, the innate and adaptive immune responses are affected. Fewer CD4-positive cells may prevent IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion, 26 even after a lengthy period of antiretroviral therapy. 27 Hence, it is possible that lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IFN-γ, can affect the tumor microenvironment and lead to a decrease in PD-L1 expression in tumor cells or immune cells of HIV patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PD-L1 protein expression and copy number gains in HIV-positive locally advanced cervical cancer

et al. 2020

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Background: The programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) axis may represent a target for cervical cancer; however, it is poorly understood in human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV)-infected patients. Methods: We evaluated HIV-positive ( n = 42) and HIV-negative ( n = 110) women with locally advanced cervical cancer regarding their PD-L1 expression, determined by combined positive score (CPS) ⩾ 1 and tumor proportion score (TPS) ⩾ 25%, and PD-L1 copy number alterations, assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results: Regardless of HIV status, 84.9% and 44.8% of cases were PD-L1-positive according to CPS ⩾ 1 and TPS ⩾ 25%. Per CPS ⩾ 1, PD-L1 positive rate was similar between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women, whereas a significant difference was seen per TPS ⩾ 25%. Tumor size and parametrial invasion were correlated with PD-L1 positivity in HIV-negative women, whereas anti-retroviral therapy (ART) was correlated with TPS < 25%. Low CD4-positive cell counts were associated with CPS < 1 in HIV-positive women. No significant difference was observed in PD-L1 copy number status between HIV-positive and HIV-negative women. PD-L1 amplification and polysomy were independently associated with TPS ⩾ 25%, whereas the presence of parametrial invasion was independently associated with CPS ⩾ 1. Cancer stage and PD-L1 amplification were identified as independent predictors of recurrence-free survival [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.40 (1.32–4.36) and HR = 5.33 (1.94–14.61)] and cancer-specific survival [HR = 13.62 (5.1–36.38) and HR = 3.53 (1.43–8.69)]. PD-L1 polysomy was an independent predictor of locoregional recurrence-free survival [HR = 3.27 (1.27–8.41)]. HIV status and PD-L1 expression (CPS ⩾ 1 or TPS ⩾ 25%) were not associated with poor patient outcomes. Conclusion: PD-L1 amplification and polysomy are the strongest drivers of PD-L1 expression in cervical cancer, and could represent prognostic biomarkers for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Cervical cancer biology may be modulated by HIV infection, CD4-positive cells, and HIV treatments.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PD-L1 protein expression and copy number gains in HIV-positive locally advanced cervical cancer

et al. 2020

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“…Most of these cytokines have been used as hallmarks of disease progression as well as assessment of patient’s response to antiretroviral treatment [ 5 ]. During the course of HIV-1 infection, secretion of T-helper type 1 (Th 1) cytokines such as interleukin (IL-2) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) are generally decreased, whereas production of T helper 2 (Th 2) cytokines IL-4, IL-10, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and tumour necrosis factor TNF-α are increased [ 6 ]. Such abnormal cytokine production contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease by impairing cell-mediated immunity [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV infected subjects

Osuji¹,

Onyenekwe

Ahaneku

et al. 2018

J Biomed Sci

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BackgroundCytokines play an important role in controlling the homeostasis of the immune system and infection with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to deregulated production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. This study was designed to determine the effects of HIV and Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) on the levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV infected subjects.MethodA total of 50 HIV infected and 50 HIV seronegative control participants were recruited for the study. The HIV infected subjects were recruited before commencement of antiretroviral therapy and were followed up for 12 months. Blood samples were collected at 3 different points: before initiation of therapy, 6 months into therapy and 12 months into therapy. Serum cytokines were analyzed using ELISA method while CD4+ T cells and viral load counts were measured using standard laboratory methods.ResultThe results showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines: Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and anti-inflammatory cytokines Interleukin-4 (IL-4), Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) were significantly elevated in HIV infected subjects before commencement of therapy compared to 6 months and 12 months into therapy (P < 0.01) and compared to control participants (P < 0.01). TNF-α, TGF-beta remained significantly elevated even after 12 months of therapy compared to control participants (P < 0.01), while IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 showed no significant difference compared to control participants after 12 months of therapy (P > 0.05). INF-γ was significantly reduced before commencement of therapy and after 12 months of therapy compared to control participants (P < 0.05) respectively.ConclusionTNF-α and TGF-β remained significantly elevated even after 12 months of therapy, while IFN-γ remained significantly reduced after 12 months of therapy. Regulating these cytokines which were unresponsive to therapy could serve as a potential measure of therapy for HIV infected subjects. The positive effect of 12 months therapy on IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10 levels can be used to monitor disease prognosis during therapy especially in resource poor setting where regular viral load monitoring is unavailable.

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“…Plasma cytokine levels give an intimation of the nature of immune response as well as an assessment of a patient's response to antiretroviral treatment [26]. Hence, cytokines such as IL-2 and IFN- γ secreted by CD4+ T cells during HIV infection are expected to be low whereas an upregulation in the production of T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 and proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, 6, and 8 is expected [17]. IFN- γ activates macrophages and is indispensable for eliminating intracellular pathogens [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Again, the course of HIV progression to AIDS can be significantly affected by disparities in cytokine production, leading to deregulation of the immune system [14]. The early phase of HIV infection is characterized by Th1 predominant cytokines such as IL-2 and interferon-gamma (IFN- γ ) with the late phase characterized by a shift in Th1 to Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10, TNF- α , and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, 6, and 8) [17]. Again during HIV infection, perturbation of Th17 cells which produces IL-17 at mucosal sites could add to the pathogenesis of HIV either by amplifying the susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections or by unsettling the mucosal immune defenses [18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ART Regimen and Other Sociodemographics Do Not Affect Cytokine Expression in HIV Patients in Ghana

Essien-Baidoo

Obiri‐Yeboah

Opoku

et al. 2019

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiolog

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Background. HIV infection is marked by the production of cytokines by infected cells and cells of the immune system. Variations in the levels of cytokine in HIV-infected individuals significantly impact the role of the immune system with the possibility to affect the course of HIV disease by either exacerbating or suppressing HIV replication. Aim. The study sought to investigate the effect of sociodemographic indices, clinical laboratory parameters, and ART regimen on Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in HIV patients. Materials and methods. A total of two hundred (200) HIV patients on either the first or second line of ART were recruited into the study. Sociodemographic indices were collected using researcher-administered questionnaires. Serum concentrations of two major immune-promoting cytokines, IL-12 and IFN-γ, and immune-suppressive cytokines, IL-10 and IL-17, were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). T-test and chi-square were used to compare mean scores, while correlation (Pearson’s correlation) and linear regression analyses were also performed with the statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results. The mean age of the participants was (45.54 ± 0.7846) years with a greater proportion (84.5%) between 31 and 60 years. The mean interferon-gamma (INF-γ), interleukin- (IL-) 10, interleukin-12, and interleukin-17 were estimated to be 349.9 ± 8.391 pg/ml, 19.32 ± 0.4593 pg/ml, 19.23 ± 0.3960 pg/ml, and 24.6 ± 0.6207 pg/ml, respectively. Although INF-γ and IL-17 levels were relatively higher in males compared to females, it was vice versa for IL-10 and IL-12. However, none of these was statistically significant. Again, no significant difference was observed among all the cytokines stratified by the duration of ART, stage of HIV, and smoking status. Most importantly, stratification by either first- or second-line ART regimens recorded no significant difference in cytokine levels. Age significantly correlated inversely with IFN-γ (r = −0.27, p≤0.001), IL-10 (r = −0.24, p≤0.001), and IL-12 (r = −0.18, p=0.01) while duration on ART significantly correlated inversely with IFN-γ (r = −0.16, p=0.02). CD4 counts at 6 months and 12 months on ART correlated inversely with IL-17 (r = −0.17, p=0.02) and plasma viral load at 1 year (r = −0.22, p≤0.001), respectively. A positive correlation was observed between IFN-γ and IL-12 (r = −0.84, p≤0.001) and IL-17 (r = −0.50, p≤0.001). This positive trend was repeated between IL-10 and IL-12 (r = −0.92, p≤0.001) and IL-17 (r = −0.61, p≤0.001). Conclusion. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-10 are not significantly affected by sociodemographics and ART regimen. This observation shows that no significant difference was observed in cytokine levels stratified by ART regiments. This means that both regimens are effective in the suppression of disease progression.

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Study of TH1/TH2 Cytokine Profiles in HIV/AIDS Patients in a Tertiary Care Hospital in India

Cited by 13 publications

References 10 publications

PD-L1 protein expression and copy number gains in HIV-positive locally advanced cervical cancer

PD-L1 protein expression and copy number gains in HIV-positive locally advanced cervical cancer

The effects of highly active antiretroviral therapy on the serum levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV infected subjects

ART Regimen and Other Sociodemographics Do Not Affect Cytokine Expression in HIV Patients in Ghana

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