Study of Synergism, Antagonism, and Resistance Mechanisms in Insecticide-Resistant Oxycarenus hyalinipennis (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae)

Abstract

Oxycarenus hyalinipennis Costa (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) is an economic and key pest of the Malvaceae family widely distributed in the world. Significant field resistance to cypermethrin (26.69-fold), chlorpyrifos (32.60-fold), methomyl (10.87), acetamiprid (20.63-fold), fipronil (5.84-fold), and spirotetramat (116.02-fold) has been reported. Cypermethrin combined with methomyl and spirotetramat, methomyl with spirotetramat, acetamiprid with spirotetramat, and fipronil with spirotetramat had synergistic effects (combination index, (CI) in a laboratory population of O. hyalinipennis named Lab-PK. Methomyl combined with acetamiprid and acetamiprid with fipronil had synergistic effects on O. hyalinipennis in a field in Multan named Field-POP. Cypermethrin combined with methomyl and spirotetramat; chlorpyrifos with methomyl, acetamiprid, and spirotetramat; methomyl with acetamiprid and spirotetramat; and fipronil with spirotetramat also had synergistic effects on O. hyalinipennis in Field-POP. Enzyme inhibitors piperonyl butoxide and S,S,S-tri-n-butyl phosphorotrithioate significantly increased the toxicity of chlorpyrifos, methomyl, acetamiprid, and spirotetramat to O. hyalinipennis in Field-POP, suggesting a monooxygenase- and esterase-based resistance mechanism. However, fipronil did not synergize with PBO and DEF. This study suggests that insecticide mixtures showing synergism must be determined for insecticide resistance management and other strategies such as rotations, mosaics, and cultural control should also be considered for the management of O. hyalinipennis.

Can Organophosphates and Carbamates Cause Synergisms by Inhibiting Esterases Responsible for Biotransformation of Pyrethroids?

“…There were, however, no insecticide mixtures in the database with MDR values <0.5. Hence, insecticide mixtures including esterase-inhibiting insecticides can cause synergy, but additivity seems to be just as frequent, while severe antagony seems to be rare, though occurring. ,,,,, …”

“…Pyrethroid insecticides interfere with voltage-sensitive sodium channels of nerve cells, whereas OPs and CBs exhibit their toxic action by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), the enzyme degrading the neurotransmitter acetylcholine . There are several reports on synergistic interactions between these two insecticidal modes of action, , but antagonistic interactions or no interactions have also been found when comparing observed mixture effects with those predicted by the model of concentration addition (CA). − …”

Monitoring resistance to methomyl and synergism in the non-target Musca domestica from cotton fields of Punjab and Sindh provinces, Pakistan

“…It is a broad-spectrum insecticide and belongs to the carbamate class of insecticides. In Pakistan, it is being used usually in the form of spray applications for the last four decades, due to which resistance have been reported in different target insect species 21 – 26 . It is believed that the use of insecticides on crops also results in lethal and sublethal exposure to non-target insect species around farming areas as well 1 , 27 .…”

Efficiency of Certain Neonicotinoid Mixtures Against the Cowpea Aphid, Aphis craccivora (Koch)

“…Mixtures can broaden the spectrum of activity, postpone resistance, reduce the number of applications, and lower costs (Ahmad et al, 2009;Brattsten et al, 1986;Cloyd, 2009;Roush, 1989). The synergistic interactions with different insecticides are extremely powerful for insect control (Attique et al, 2006;Basit et al, 2013;Corbel et al, 2004Corbel et al, , 2006Gunning et al, 1999;Ullah et al, 2017;Taillebois and Thany, 2022). Insecticide mixtures have been proposed depending on the absence of cross-resistance to any of the mixture components.…”