Study of surface acid–base properties of natural clays and zeolites by the conversion of 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-ol

Overview of Current and Future Perspectives of Saudi Arabian Natural Clinoptilolite Zeolite: A Case Review

“…A more detailed understanding of the characterizations and basic properties of modified local Saudi Arabian zeolite is important in order to assist in achieving the most optimum results in any future modification that may eventually be applied to a variety of industrial applications such as the catalytic condensation of glycerol using acetone. Hence, a variety of characterization techniques were described in the literature [92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99] used to characterize solid materials and to understand their behaviour as well as to show their active acidic sites and basic properties. However, in order to ascertain the properties of local Saudi zeolite, the principle characterization methods and techniques methods employed are limited to only X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) [74,75].…”

“…Table 2 details the test conditions and parameters required for the successful optimization of MBOH test reaction. Additionally, the literature reports other techniques which include both a method for estimating basic active sites, namely, the temperatureprogrammed desorption of carbon dioxide and, for the characterization of the acidic sites, the temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia [92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99]. e overriding advantage of employing the proposed techniques is that the result will lead to a fuller understanding of zeolite catalytic activity during reaction.…”

“…Specifically, exploration and the accrued knowledge of dehydration catalytic reaction at specific temperatures will later serve to inform on zeolite acidic or basic active sites during reaction. A review of the advantages and the practical implementations of employing such characterization techniques using the various kinds of zeolites is given in the literature [21,[92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100]. Moreover, it is possible to retard coke formation [101] by utilizing local eight-ring clinoptilolite zeolite as acid catalyst.…”

“…e conversion of MBOH with water on an acidic catalyst or by incorporation of local nanosize zeolites as an example with platinum and palladium may also be established at a lower temperature so as to capture carbon oxysulfide (COS). Summary of conditions and parameters for characterizations of different natural materials in between zeolites using catalytic test reaction of methyl butynol (MBOH) [99,102] is detailed in Table 2 [95]. Future investigations in this direction would contribute in adding more information about the local material catalytic limit performance as well to offer to the local industry, a potential catalyst support with a low cost for CO oxidation from industrial off gases and with an adequate temperature.…”

Effect of Thermal Treatment on Textural Properties of Natural Montmorillonite

“…In addition, small amounts of inorganic componentsalumina and lesser amounts of iron, alkaline earth, alkali metals and other minor constituents are present [1]. Diatomite has worldwide applications [2][3][4][5][6] like water treatments, filtration, fillers and adsorbents. It was reported that diatomite can be used also as an adsorbent because it has the effective capability to remove basic dye from aqueous solution [7,8].…”