Study of Raman Spectroscopy on Graphene Phase from Heat Treatment of Coconut (<i>Cocus nucifera</i>) Shell

Abstract

Coconut (Cocus Nucifera) shell as the main ingredient in this research has been heat-treated at temperature of 1000°C in atmospheric condition aiming to obtain the expected phase of graphene. After heat treatment, an additional special treatment was given, where sample was then rinsed with distilled water. Furthermore, the heated coconut shell was characterized by Raman Spectroscopy (785 nm) and X-ray diffractometry. Based on the treatment and characterization conducted, all samples were likely to contain reduced graphene oxide (RGO) phase.The XRD data have supported the existence of RGO with the diffraction peak position (2q) at 25o and 45o. Evidence is also given by the result of Raman Spectroscopy which produces peaks (denoted by D and G bands) located at wave numbers of 1300 cm-1 and 1590 cm-1. The value of the ratio ID/IG of the two samples in the figures are 2.6 and 2.51 (matched with ratio ID/IG of RGO). The ID/IG ratio of sample which was rinsed by distilled water is higher that those without rinsing treatment.

Study on topographic, electrochemical, and safety characteristics of lithium‐ion cells after long‐term storage at abusive‐temperature environments

“…In addition, the Raman spectra of the negative electrode materials for the fixed cells are shown in Figure 4B. In general, the D bond in the Raman spectra at 1300 cm −1 denotes the lattice defects of carbon, whereas the G bond at 1580 cm −1 denotes the stretching motion in the sp 2 hybridization plane of carbon; thus, the intensity ratio of the two bonds can be used to characterize the graphite degree of materials 39‐41 . The graphite degree here denotes the degree to which carbon atoms form a close‐packed hexagonal graphite crystal structure, that is, standard graphite structure, which can be used to characterize the defects in the crystal structure of graphite materials.…”

“…In general, the D bond in the Raman spectra at 1300 cm À1 denotes the lattice defects of carbon, whereas the G bond at 1580 cm À1 denotes the stretching motion in the sp 2 hybridization plane of carbon; thus, the intensity ratio of the two bonds can be used to characterize the graphite degree of materials. [39][40][41] The graphite degree here denotes the degree to which carbon atoms form a close-packed hexagonal graphite crystal structure, that is, standard graphite structure, which can be used to characterize the defects in the crystal structure of graphite materials. According to Figure 4B, the values of I D /I G are 0.8925, 0.8949, and 0.8770, corresponding to the fresh cell, 60 C stored cell, and À10 C stored cell, respectively.…”

Sintesis Oksida Grafena Tereduksi (rGO) dari Arang Tempurung Kelapa (Cocos nucifera)

“…Sumber karbon yang digunakan pada penelitian ini berasal dari arang tempurung kelapa komersil. Arang tempurung kelapa digerus hingga memiliki ukuran partikel sekitar 50 μm (275 mesh) untuk memperbesar luas permukaannya supaya mempermudah proses oksidasi, sehingga akan terjadi proses interkalasi antar lapisan grafena pada grafit [6], lalu dicuci dengan larutan HCl dan dibilas dengan akua DM berlebih untuk menghilangkan kandungan logam yang terkandung dalam arang tempurung kelapa [7]. Reaksinya dengan HCl adalah sebagai berikut: 2Al + 6HCl → 2Al 3+ + 6Cl -+ 3H2 ↑…”

“…Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya yang dilakukan oleh Prasetya dkk [7], Setiadji dkk [13] dan Krishnamoorthy dkk [11], fasa rGO memiliki pita pada sudut 2θ sebesar 25° dan 45º. Oleh karena itu dari data tersebut dapat dipastikan bahwa sampel tersebut merupakan rGO.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of Supercapacitor Electrode from Fiber of <i>Borassus flabelifer</i> L by Activation Method

“…Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin are carbon polymers that are commonly found in natural materials such as coconut shell, rice husk [1] and bagasse. Fandi et al [2] have successfully synthesized Reduced Grapheme Oxide (RGO) by utilizing coconut shell through heat treatment up to 1000 0 C. The process of purifying cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin from complex compounds consisting of Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and other impurities such as Potassium, Magnesium, and Chlorine can be carried out through several methods, such as excofiliation [4], heating at high temperatures [6], and hydrothermal [7]. Through the process of breaking non-carbon chains and impurities, several phases derived from carbon will be obtained, including Graphite Oxide [8], Graphene Oxide [9], until Reduced Graphene Oxide [10].…”