Study of prodromal and residual symptoms of depression

Pede, Vishal B; Jaiswal, Suyog Vijay; Sawant, Vishal

doi:10.4103/ipj.ipj_19_18

Cited by 12 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(29 reference statements)

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“…In these studies, data on prodromal symptoms occurring within a specified period of time preceding the onset of a fully developed depressive episode were collected through observer-rated clinical interviews, self-rating questionnaires, and/or review of medical records. In some cases, additional information was collected by interviewing patients’ caregivers [16, 18]. In 2 studies, however, the methodology used to gather data was not detailed [9, 10], whereas 4 studies relied exclusively on review of medical records [7, 8, 14, 15].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prodromal Symptoms in Depression: A Systematic Review

Benasi

Fava

Guidi

2021

Psychother Psychosom

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Introduction: Appraisal of prodromal symptoms of unipolar depression may complement the traditional cross-sectional approach and provide a longitudinal perspective, according to a staging model of the illness. Objective: To provide an updated systematic review of clinical studies concerned with prodromal symptoms of unipolar depression, according to PRISMA guidelines. Methods: Keyword searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Longitudinal studies on prodromal symptoms and signs in adult patients primarily diagnosed with unipolar depression were selected. Findings were examined separately according to study design (i.e., retrospective or prospective). Results: Twenty-five studies met the criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Findings indicate that a distinct prodromal symptomatology – commonly characterized by anxiety, tension, irritability, and somatic complaints – exists before the onset of unipolar depression. The duration of the prodromal phase was highly variable across studies, ranging from less than a month to several years. Prodromal symptoms profile and duration were consistent within individuals across depressive episodes. There was a close relationship between prodromal and residual symptoms of the same depressive episode. Conclusions: The present systematic review addresses an important, and yet relatively neglected, clinical issue that deserves further investigation and may be of immediate practical value. The findings provide challenging insights into the pathogenesis and course of unipolar depression, which may result in more timely and effective treatment of recurrences. The definition of a prodromal phase in depression would benefit from the joint use of symptom identification, biomarkers, and neuroimaging.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prodromal Symptoms in Depression: A Systematic Review

Benasi

Fava

Guidi

2021

Psychother Psychosom

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“…These factors contained one emotion factor and two non-emotional factors [ 64 ]. Since most of the prodromal depressive symptoms were associated with emotional factors only, we took the cutoff factor score of the emotional factor at 2.5 points [ 15 ]. When the factor score was less than the 2.5, we coded it 0; however, if it was greater than or equal to the 2.5, we coded it 1, which then we converted the continuous factor score to a binary set of data.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We recognized that the criteria to identify adolescent depression are no different from the adult one [ 13 ]. As the adolescent depression arises from the exposure of young people to specific risk factors of low self-esteem, gender discrimination, negative body image, less social support, negative cognitive style, low coping ability and nonspecific risk factors of poverty, violence, social isolation, child abuse, and family breakdown, etcetera [ 14 ], the definitive diagnosis of adolescent depression requires the fulfillment of criteria in terms of symptoms, severity, and duration of disturbance presented in DSM-5 [ 15 , 16 ]. However, if the early signs of the depressive symptoms of the adolescent depression appear but not yet clinically specific or severe, alternatively, we define it as an adolescent depressive prodrome (ADP) [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At this time, we limit our study of the state of ADP identified by the BIPS before the onset of depressive-episode to make reliable estimates of depressive symptoms in adolescents [ 19 , 20 ]. Previous research illustrated that conditions of ADP might last for a considerable duration and cross the threshold to manifest the clinical depression [ 15 ]. It is likely to define the ADP as an early marker of adolescent depression (AD) through the criteria of symptoms and signs defined in DSM-5 [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Secondary Prevention of Depressive Prodrome in Adolescents: Before and after Attending a Jogging Program on Campus

Yen

Cherng

2020

IJERPH

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The adolescent depressive prodrome has been conceptualized as an early integrated sign of depressive symptoms, which may develop to a first episode of depression or return to normal for the adolescents. In this study, depressive prodrome presented the early self-rated depressive symptoms for the sample participants. By referring to the Kutcher Adolescent Depression Scale and the psychometric characteristics of the Adolescent Depression Scale (ADR), we proposed a self-rated questionnaire to assess the severity of the depressive symptoms in adolescents before and after attending the jogging program on a high school campus in Taiwan. With the parental co-signature and self-signed informed consent form, 284 high school students under the average age of 15 years, participated in this study in March 2019. Through the software of IBMSPSS 25, we used a binary logistic model, principal component analysis (PCA), multiple-dimensional analysis, and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) to analyze the severity of the depressive prodrome via the threshold severity score (SC) and false positive rate (FPR). Findings revealed that attending the 15-week jogging program (3 times a week, 45 min each) on campus can change the severity status and reduce the prevalence of moderate-severe depressive prodrome by 26%. The two-dimensional approach identified three symptoms, which were the crying spell, loss of pleasure doing daily activities, and feeling the decline in memory. They kept being invariant symptoms during the course of depressive prodrome assessment for sample participants. In this study, the campus jogging program appeared to be able to affect the FPR of the measure of depressive prodrome. Compared with the subthreshold depression, the depressive prodrome emphasized the assessment from the view of the secondary prevention by representing the change from a person’s premorbid functioning up until the first onset of depression or returning to normal. However, the subthreshold depression is a form of minor depression according to DSM-5 criteria varying on the number of symptoms and duration required, highly prevalent in the concern of primary care.

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“…The anxiety-depressive syndrome is considered prodromal for numerous neurological diseases of degenerative, inflammatory, or vascular nature: in fact, patients suffering from “neurological depression” may develop these diseases more frequently than the general population. Some epidemiological studies have shown the existence of a bi-directional relationship between neurological disorders and depressive disease: PD, AD, and epilepsy are often preceded by episodes of anxiety–depression ( Jacobson and Newman, 2017 ; Pede et al, 2017 ; Steffens, 2017 ). Therefore anxiety–depression can be considered to be a risk factor for neurological disorders.…”

Section: Classical Knowledge Of Anxiety–depression Asd and Ms: Braimentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in the Development of Brain Disorders

et al. 2021

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Different bacterial families colonize most mucosal tissues in the human organism such as the skin, mouth, vagina, respiratory, and gastrointestinal districts. In particular, the mammalian intestine hosts a microbial community of between 1,000 and 1,500 bacterial species, collectively called “microbiota.” Co-metabolism between the microbiota and the host system is generated and the symbiotic relationship is mutually beneficial. The balance that is achieved between the microbiota and the host organism is fundamental to the organization of the immune system. Scientific studies have highlighted a direct correlation between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, establishing the existence of the gut microbiota–brain axis. Based on this theory, the microbiota acts on the development, physiology, and cognitive functions of the brain, although the mechanisms involved have not yet been fully interpreted. Similarly, a close relationship between alteration of the intestinal microbiota and the onset of several neurological pathologies has been highlighted. This review aims to point out current knowledge as can be found in literature regarding the connection between intestinal dysbiosis and the onset of particular neurological pathologies such as anxiety and depression, autism spectrum disorder, and multiple sclerosis. These disorders have always been considered to be a consequence of neuronal alteration, but in this review, we hypothesize that these alterations may be non-neuronal in origin, and consider the idea that the composition of the microbiota could be directly involved. In this direction, the following two key points will be highlighted: (1) the direct cross-talk that comes about between neurons and gut microbiota, and (2) the degree of impact of the microbiota on the brain. Could we consider the microbiota a valuable target for reducing or modulating the incidence of certain neurological diseases?

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Study of prodromal and residual symptoms of depression

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Prodromal Symptoms in Depression: A Systematic Review

Prodromal Symptoms in Depression: A Systematic Review

Secondary Prevention of Depressive Prodrome in Adolescents: Before and after Attending a Jogging Program on Campus

The Contribution of Gut Microbiota–Brain Axis in the Development of Brain Disorders

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