Study of prevalence, risk factors for acute kidney injury, and mortality in liver cirrhosis patients

Abstract

Introduction Acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs frequently in patients with end-stage liver disease and cirrhosis and is associated with increased short-term mortality. This study aims to study the prevalence and risk factors associated with AKI development and mortality in cirrhosis of liver patients. Methodology In the current prospective study, hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis from October 2021 to March 2023 were recruited. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, which included, the etiology of cirrhosis, comorbidities, severity of liver disease, and relevant biochemical parameters. The patient was followed up for 90 days to record the clinical outcome. The statistical software SPSS was utilized to conduct the analysis. Results Of 364 liver cirrhosis patients, 25.2% (n, 92) had AKI and belonged to an average age of 51.54 ± 11.82 years. The majority of individuals in the study were males (90.4%), and alcohol (63.4%) was the most common etiology of liver cirrhosis. The present study showed that higher level of direct bilirubin (p = 0.011) and MELD score (p = 0.0001) were identified as significant risk factors for AKI development in patients with liver cirrhosis. Regarding mortality, the significant risk factors were the presence of AKI (p = 0.045) and MELD score (p = 0.025). Among AKI patients, 90-day mortality rates were higher in patients with acute tubular necrosis (p value = 0.010) and stage 3 AKI (p value = 0.001). Conclusion AKI is common in cirrhosis of liver patients. Elevated levels of direct bilirubin and MELD score emerged as significant factors associated with AKI development. Furthermore, AKI and MELD scores were identified as independent risk factors for mortality at both 30 and 90 days. Survival rates were influenced by both the type and stage of AKI; AKI stage 3 and ATN patients had significantly higher mortality rate. Early AKI detection and management are crucial for reducing mortality risk in liver cirrhosis patients.