“…Detection limits in the region of 10 to 250 μmol/kg were achieved for Group I and Group II elements, whereas the detection limits for transition metal elements were in the region of 5 to 50 mmol/kg (Cremers et al, 1984;Michel et al, 2007;Hou et al, 2014). While higher sensitivity has been demonstrated for measurements of water surfaces, droplets or films (Fichet et al, 2001(Fichet et al, , 2003Arca et al, 1997;Samek et al, 2000;Wachter and Cremers, 1987;Huang et al, 2004;Lo and Cheung, 2002;St-Onge et al, 2004), these methods are not applicable since the application considered here requires measurement of bulk liquids.…”