Study of metabolite composition of eccrine sweat from healthy male and female human subjects by 1H NMR spectroscopy

Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate metabolite variability in human eccrine sweat using a metabonomics based approach. Eccrine sweat is a dilute electrolyte solution whose primary function is to control body temperature via evaporative cooling. Although the composition of sweat is primarily water, previous studies have shown that a diverse array of organic and inorganic compounds are also present. Human eccrine sweat samples from 30 female and 30 male subjects were analysed using highresolution 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in conjunction with statistical pattern recognition. High-resolution 1 H NMR spectroscopy produced spectra of the sweat samples that readily identified and quantified many different metabolites. The major metabolite classes found to be present were lactate, amino acids and lipids, with lactate being by far the most dominant metabolite found in all samples. Principal Components Analysis, Principal Components-Discriminant Analysis and Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis of the eccrine sweat samples, revealed no significant differences in metabolite composition and concentration between female and male subjects. Also, the variation between subjects did not appear to be correlated with any other clinical information provided by the subjects. Overall, the spectra data set demonstrates the large physiological variability in terms of number of metabolites present and concentrations between subjects i.e. human eccrine sweat samples exhibit a high degree of inter-individual variability.

Sweat lipid mediator profiling: a noninvasive approach for cutaneous research

“…High-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of sweat suggested the presence of several amino acids and lipid-associated groups (5,9). More recent MS-based approaches confirmed the presence of amino acid-and lipid-derived molecules, while additionally showing the presence of carbohydrates and organic acids in sweat (10,11).…”

Fingerprint composition and aging: A literature review

“…Sweat composition has been studied extensively from a medical or dermatological view point [45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55], although fingerprint composition is more complex. Fingerprints contain a mixture of substances originating from the epidermis, the secretory glands in the dermis (in a combination of some or all of the three sweat types), intrinsic components including metabolites and traces of medications and drugs; and extrinsic contaminants, such as blood, dirt and grease, make-up, food contaminants, moisturisers, and hair care products [3,12,[27][28][29]31,32,32,56].…”

“…The development of enhancement techniques [7,31,33,[36][37][38][39]47,48,132,140] 2. The development of fingerprint age determination methods [7,36,39,51,67,79] Increased knowledge of fingerprint composition allows for increased comprehension of the chemical mechanisms that occur between enhancement reagents and their target compounds, as well as how they interact within the 3D matrix.…”

[Dedicated to Prof. T. Okada and Prof. T. Nishioka: data science in chemistry]Visualizing Individual and Region-specific Microbial–metabolite Relations by Important Variable Selection Using Machine Learning Approaches

“…The condensed sample was redissolved in 1.6 ml phosphate buffer, and the sample solution was transferred to an NMR tube. The metabolites in the condensed sweat sample were annotated by 1 H-1 H total correlation spectroscopy (TOCSY), 13 30 , and by references to previously published data 25,26 .…”

“…However, NMRbased metabolic profiling has rarely targeted human sweat despite the relative ease of collecting sweat samples. Thus, very little information on sweat metabolic profiles (NMR spectra) and sampling procedures is available in previous reports 25,26 . In contrast, quantitative and qualitative information on other human samples (e.g., urine 27 , serum 28 , and saliva 29 …”