Abstract:The impact of surface melt patterns and the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is examined on the varying contributions of end member (snow, glacier ice, and rain) to proglacial streamflow during the ablation period (June-October) in the Chhota Shigri glaciated basin, Western Himalaya. Isotopic seasonality observed in the catchment precipitation was generally reflected in surface runoff (supraglacial melt and proglacial stream) and shows a shift in major water source during the melt season. Isotopically correlated (δ… Show more
“…The LMWL shows a substantial difference in slopes and intercepts (Figure 3a). However, their slopes and intercepts are close to the GMWL and LMWLs previously reported in the Himalayan region (Ali et al., 2020; Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022; Hill et al., 2020; Jeelani & Deshpande, 2017; Kumar et al., 2010, 2020; Pant et al., 2021), and the Tibetan Plateau (Tian et al., 2001). Based on the predicted GWRM isoscapes, we determined new basin‐wide meteoric water lines using least‐squares regression.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 85%
“…Further, the observation that groundwater has a lower slope in GRB and BRB (6.1 ± 0.1 and 5.3 ± 0.3) and intercept (−0.8 ± 1.0 and −9.7 ± 2.1) compared to LMWLs suggests that subsurface infiltration overwhelmingly occurred with significant evaporative loss. Previous local groundwater investigations in HRB supported our observation of extensive evaporative loss during subsurface infiltration (Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022;Kumar et al, 2020) and groundwater being enriched seasonally compared to rainfall (Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022).…”
Section: Isotopic Patterns Of Different Meteoric Sources Across Hrbssupporting
confidence: 87%
“…In addition, we compiled a comprehensive δ 18 O, δ 2 H and d‐excess data set across the three HRB published in articles and/or online data repositories (Table S1 in Supporting Information ) during past decades (Ali et al., 2020; Bhat et al., 2022; Bhattacharya et al., 1985; Bershaw et al., 2012; Boral et al., 2019; Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022; Gajurel et al., 2006; Garzione et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2020; Hren et al., 2009; Karim & Veizer, 2002; B. Kumar et al., 2010; A. Kumar et al., 2018, 2019; N. Kumar et al., 2020; Lambs 2000; Lambs et al., 2005; Majumder et al., 2013; Maurya et al., 2011; Navada & Rao 1991; V. N. Nijampurkar & Rao 1992; V. Nijampurkar et al., 2002; Pande et al., 2000; Pant et al., 2021; Quade et al., 2011; Racoviteanu et al., 2013; Rai et al., 2009, 2016; Ramesh & Sarin 1992; Ren et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2017; Yoshimura et al., 2021) to attain the best practicable regional broad spatial resolution that could be interpolated and modeled with reliability.…”
“…The LMWL shows a substantial difference in slopes and intercepts (Figure 3a). However, their slopes and intercepts are close to the GMWL and LMWLs previously reported in the Himalayan region (Ali et al., 2020; Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022; Hill et al., 2020; Jeelani & Deshpande, 2017; Kumar et al., 2010, 2020; Pant et al., 2021), and the Tibetan Plateau (Tian et al., 2001). Based on the predicted GWRM isoscapes, we determined new basin‐wide meteoric water lines using least‐squares regression.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 85%
“…Further, the observation that groundwater has a lower slope in GRB and BRB (6.1 ± 0.1 and 5.3 ± 0.3) and intercept (−0.8 ± 1.0 and −9.7 ± 2.1) compared to LMWLs suggests that subsurface infiltration overwhelmingly occurred with significant evaporative loss. Previous local groundwater investigations in HRB supported our observation of extensive evaporative loss during subsurface infiltration (Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022;Kumar et al, 2020) and groundwater being enriched seasonally compared to rainfall (Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022).…”
Section: Isotopic Patterns Of Different Meteoric Sources Across Hrbssupporting
confidence: 87%
“…In addition, we compiled a comprehensive δ 18 O, δ 2 H and d‐excess data set across the three HRB published in articles and/or online data repositories (Table S1 in Supporting Information ) during past decades (Ali et al., 2020; Bhat et al., 2022; Bhattacharya et al., 1985; Bershaw et al., 2012; Boral et al., 2019; Dar, Rai, & Kumar, 2022; Gajurel et al., 2006; Garzione et al., 2000; Hill et al., 2020; Hren et al., 2009; Karim & Veizer, 2002; B. Kumar et al., 2010; A. Kumar et al., 2018, 2019; N. Kumar et al., 2020; Lambs 2000; Lambs et al., 2005; Majumder et al., 2013; Maurya et al., 2011; Navada & Rao 1991; V. N. Nijampurkar & Rao 1992; V. Nijampurkar et al., 2002; Pande et al., 2000; Pant et al., 2021; Quade et al., 2011; Racoviteanu et al., 2013; Rai et al., 2009, 2016; Ramesh & Sarin 1992; Ren et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2017; Yoshimura et al., 2021) to attain the best practicable regional broad spatial resolution that could be interpolated and modeled with reliability.…”
“…Chhota Shigri Glacier receives ~29% of annual P in summer (mostly as snowfalls on the glacier). However, summer monsoon snowfalls were found to reduce the melt on Chhota Shigri Glacier, but the snowfalls on the non-glacierized area (53% of total catchment at the discharge site) provide additional water at the discharge site and therefore makes the precipitation–discharge relationship quite complicated (Azam and others, 2019; Kumar and others, 2020). Fig.…”
The Himalayan glaciers contribute significantly to regional water resources. However, limited field observations restrict our understanding of glacier dynamics and behaviour. Here, we investigated the long-term in situ mass balance, meteorology, ice velocity and discharge of the Chhota Shigri Glacier. The mean annual glacier-wide mass balance was negative, −0.46 ± 0.40 m w.e. a−1 for the period 2002–2019 corresponding to a cumulative wastage of −7.87 m w.e. Winter mass balance was 1.15 m w.e. a−1 and summer mass balance was −1.35 m w.e. a−1 over 2009–2019. Surface ice velocity has decreased on average by 25–42% in the lower and middle ablation zone (below 4700 m a.s.l.) since 2003; however, no substantial change was observed at higher altitudes. The decrease in velocity suggests that the glacier is adjusting its flow in response to negative mass balance. The summer discharge begins to rise from May and peaks in July, with a contribution of 43%, followed by 38% and 19% in August and September, respectively. The discharge pattern closely follows the air temperature. The long-term observation on the ‘Chhota Shigri – a benchmark glacier’, shows a mass wastage which corresponds to the slowdown of the glacier in the past two decades.
“…These values are in concordance with those reported for other mountain glacial basins around the world, even though different moisture sources are registered. For instance, Kumar et al (2018) and Kumar et al (2020) reported mean values of −13.2 ± 1.4 for δ 18 O and of −76 ± 10 for δ 2 H for glacial basins of the Indian Himalayas. Meanwhile mean values of −14.2 ± 2.5 for δ 18 O and of −98 ± 20 for δ 2 H were registered for the Tibetan Plateau by Zhao et al (2018).…”
High glacial mountain environments around the world are important water reservoirs and are extremely sensitive to the effects of climate change. Considering that climate change affects snow accumulation and glacial melting, it is essential to understand the runoff generation and hydrological dynamics in these type of systems. Andean glaciers have shown a retreating and thinning pattern since the start of the 21st century. Regarding this, the stable isotopic composition of waters is useful to assess the contributions from different sources (i.e., glaciers, precipitation, and tributaries' inputs) to rivers. Several Patagonian mountain rivers have Andean glaciers in their headwaters, one of which is the Manso River. In this basin, over the last 30 years, the Ventisquero Negro Glacier (Manso Glacier's regenerated tongue) experienced a rapid thinning and recession that generated a proglacial lake, called Manso proglacial Lake. In this study, topographic effects upon the stable isotopic composition of river waters (δ2H and δ18O) are recognized, particularly, the altitude effect. The stable isotope composition of the Manso River varies downstream, evolving to a composition more enriched in heavy isotopes in the lower basin, likely due to altitude effects and the progressive evaporation that mainly occurs in the lakes' surfaces that the river crosses. Results show that glacial meltwater is the major water contributor in the upper basin during early fall. In the rest of the basin the stable isotopic composition of the Manso River is mainly controlled by the lakes' isotopic signatures and is highly influenced by two tributary rivers. The concordance between isotopic models and hydrological data demonstrates that stable isotopes constitute a valuable tool to quantify the contribution of different water sources. This has the potential to be particularly useful in areas where discharge data is unavailable.
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