Study of iron sulphides in long-term iron corrosion processes: Characterisations of archaeological artefacts

Grousset, Sophie; Bayle, Marine; Dauzères, Alexandre; Crusset, Didier; Deydier, Valérie; Linard, Yannick; Dillmann, Philippe; Mercier‐Bion, Florence; Neff, Delphine

doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2016.07.022

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…It is the reason why TM is mixed with the soil particles, in many cases [22,26,48]. The formation of goethite product of the studied TM layer attributed to two factors; the formation directly from magnetite with a dissolution/recrystallization pathway and the formation separately as an Fe corrosion product as results of the reaction with Fe 2+ which migrated [20,35,[40][41][42] Light marbling corrosion DPL 720, 319, 400, 720, 664 Akaganeite, Maghemite [43,44] Orange corrosion zone DPL 398, 139, 209, 338, 1312 Lepidocrocite [44] from the core through cracks' DPL layer [49,52,53]. The corrosion products of iron sulfate (Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 ) and ferric chloride (FeCl 3 ) in TM layer formed as a result of the reaction with soil anions such as dissolved ions of sulfate and chloride.…”

Section: The Characterization Of the Corrosion Layermentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The sword was completely covered with a thick corrosion crust mainly constituted of two layers including the internal or the dense product layer (DPL) and the external or transformed medium (TM) (Fig. 5a) [20][21][22][35][36][37][38]. Based on the literature, DPL layer is an internal corrosion layer formed beside of the metal substrate in which some internal markers such as probable slag inclusions may be visible.…”

Section: The Characterization Of the Corrosion Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6a. These two bands are attributed to magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) [20,35,[40][41][42]. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy revealed that discontinuous strips with color of light marbling in the DPL layer are composed of akaganeite (β-FeOOH) mixed with maghemite (γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), Akaganeite is defined at bands 720, 319, 400 and 551 cm −1 [43] and maghemite at 720 and 664 cm −1 [43,44], as shown in Fig.…”

Section: The Characterization Of the Corrosion Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the microstructural features and the rust layers of an archaeological iron sword in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (380–500 A.D.)

2019

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In this paper, a sword is investigated from a collection of archaeological iron swords displayed in the Egyptian Museum from the civilization centered on Ballana and Qustul in Egyptian Nubia (380-600 A.D.). A range of metallographic analytical techniques have been used to characterize the sword's metallic structure and its rust crust. The results revealed that the sword was made of low-carbon steel and corrosion products formed on the surface are iron sulfate, iron oxides/hydroxides including goethite, maghemite, magnetite, lepidocrocite, akaganeite and ferric chloride. The investigation also revealed that the rust crust constituted of two corrosion layers: a dense layer and a transformed medium. Crystals of soil minerals were clearly observed in the outer corrosion layer. Moreover, several microstructural features were detected, indicating the stage of deterioration and the features of metallurgy of this sword. Furthermore, the obtained results have been used to select appropriate conservation procedures for preventing degradation in the future and ensuring its reliable restoration.

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Section: The Characterization Of the Corrosion Layermentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Characterization Of the Corrosion Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Characterization Of the Corrosion Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the microstructural features and the rust layers of an archaeological iron sword in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (380–500 A.D.)

2019

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“…In order to carry out the most appropriate study for this type of pieces, a bibliographical review has been carried out. Despite not having large number of articles focused on this topic, several scientific papers have been found such as the study of Vasa shipwreck where different X‐ray techniques were used: the elemental analysis of another underwater archaeological shipwreck by the use of laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy, the analysis of stone materials from underwater excavations by the use of X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques, the characterization of the organic content in lakes by the use of laser Raman spectroscopy, or the characterization of archaeological artifacts by the study of iron sulfides using micro‐Raman spectroscopy …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical study of degradation processes in ancient metallic materials rescued from underwater medium

Estalayo

Aramendia

Luque³

et al. 2019

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Underwater Cultural Heritage understands all traces of human existence having a cultural, historical, or archaeological character, which have been partially or totally underwater, in periodic or continuous forms for at least 100 years, according to UNESCO. This work is focused on two pieces extracted in 1999 from a shipwreck located in Bakio (Basque Country, Northern Spain). The two analyzed pieces were an iron anchor and a swivel gun, both exposed in Bakio's Town Hall after their restoration in 2005. The aim of this work is to study the elemental composition of archaeological metallic pieces extracted from underwater and the degradation processes that affect them. For that purpose, nondestructive analytical techniques were employed.Concretely, Raman spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy were used to check the conservation state and to identify the raw materials that were used in the manufacture of those pieces. The analyses concluded that both artifacts were manufactured in cast iron, although the composition of the raw materials was not exactly the same. The main decaying compound was lepidocrocite (γ-FeO(OH)), a highly reactive iron phase that increases the corrosion rate of the artifacts, though other iron oxy-hydroxides were also detected in minor amounts. This compound together with the also found akaganeite (β-Fe 2 (OH) 3 Cl) were probably the responsible of the continuous oxidation of the metallic pieces, which are in a poor conservation state. Therefore, the applied treatment was not suitable for these pieces.

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“…composition and manufacture), or the characteristics of the burial soil (e.g. texture, pH, redox potential, soluble salts) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A methodological approach to estimate soil corrosivity for archaeological copper alloy artefacts

Oudbashi

2018

Herit Sci

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Characterization of soil corrosivity in archaeological sites is an important subject to understand the conservation conditions of archaeological bronze collections and helps conservators to prepare a conservation strategy for long term preservation of bronze objects. In this paper, a research approach is established to identify soil corrosivity in two archaeological sites and to find correlation between corrosion events and soil characterizations. Therefore, an analytical study was carried out to identify different factors of soil environment influencing corrosivity of the soil in two sites. Based on the results, measuring different factors such as chemical composition, pH, texture, soluble salts and water content and SOM displayed different soil environments in two archaeological sites. The results represent correlative relationship between corrosion mechanism and soil characteristics in these archaeological sites.

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Study of iron sulphides in long-term iron corrosion processes: Characterisations of archaeological artefacts

Cited by 27 publications

References 67 publications

Characterization of the microstructural features and the rust layers of an archaeological iron sword in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (380–500 A.D.)

Characterization of the microstructural features and the rust layers of an archaeological iron sword in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo (380–500 A.D.)

Chemical study of degradation processes in ancient metallic materials rescued from underwater medium

A methodological approach to estimate soil corrosivity for archaeological copper alloy artefacts

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