Study of in-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Cow Urine from Different Altitudinal and Climatic Region of Nepal

Abstract

Background: Cow urine has been widely used as therapeutic or additive agents in different parts of Nepal, mainly to treat infections, cuts, burns, etc. Cow urine has been considered as sacred and holy water and used in many rituals and worshipping purposes. Apart from therapeutic and rituals ceremony cow urines are also used in purification and disinfecting the houses.
 Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the in-vitro antioxidant and antibacterial activity of cow urine from different altitudes across Nepal.
 Materials and Methods: Antioxidant activity of cow urines was carried out by using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) as free radicals. The antibacterial activity of cow urines was tested by the agar disc diffusion method against Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive).
 Results: The urine sample from Muktinath (Subalpine region) showed the highest 44.8±0.21% inhibition against DPPH free radicals. The urine samples from Jajarkot and Marpha (Temperate zone) showed 39.70±0.43% and 37.30±0.15% inhibition against DPPH free radicals respectively. The urine samples from Palpa and Shyangja (Subtropical region) showed 30.00±0.24 and 34.4±0.01 percent inhibition of DPPH radicals. The samples from Butwal and Dhangadhi (Tropical region) showed the least percentage inhibition of 23.9±0.08 and 21.12±0.1 respectively. Amongst the entire sample, the subalpine region of cow urine (Muktinath 3710m) made known the highest inhibition zone such as 10.56±0.05mm against S. aureus and 7.46±0.15 against E.coli.
 Conclusion: Our study has concluded that cow urines have the antibacterial and antioxidant activities and vary in potency according to altitudinal and climatic differences. Hence cow urine from the subalpine zone has better antibacterial and antioxidant activity than that of lower altitudinal climatic zones.

Study of In-vitro Antioxidant and Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Azadirachta indica, and Ocimum sanctum in different organic solvents and Cow urine

“…The antioxidant activity of all the different extract samples is measured by the DPPH radical scavenging method (18) To support our antioxidant results previously also several antioxidant activities of neem (6,(19)(20)(21), tulsi (9,(22)(23)(24) and cow urine (5,(25)(26)(27) are studied. The synergistic antioxidant activity of tulsi, ginger, tea, and black pepper is studied by Gupta et al (28)…”

“…Some previous study also shows the combined effect of cow urine and neem (11,12), synergistic antimicrobial effect of cow urine and neem (14), neem-cow urine extract to control multiple drug resistance (13), and antimicrobial effects of water drops developed from cow urine and tulsi etc. (15) Many study are performed showing various therapeutic potential of cow urine and cow urine derived formulations and in Vedic scripture to our recent Ayurveda practices cow urine signifies it's potential effect (4,5). Here the better effect with cow urine extract could be from the addition of the effect of cow urine.…”

“…(1) Various research has been published showing the therapeutic potential of Neem (2), Tulsi (3) and Cow Urine. (4,5) The antioxidant and antibacterial activity of neem (6,7), tulsi (8,9) and cow urine (5) has also been reported widely.…”

“…(4) Our previous works studied the altitudinal and climatic variation effect in cow urine for antioxidant and antibacterial activity. (5) Similarly, the tulsi is known as the queen in the plant, having enormous therapeutic potential. Large group of therapeutic category of tulsi have been studied by previous researchers like antioxidant, antibacterial, chemo-preventive activity, radio-protective activity, antihypertensive, cardio-protective activities, antimicrobial activity, immunomodulatory activity, anti-depressant activity, anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic activity, antipyretic activity, memory enhancer activity, hepatoprotective activity, anti-fertility activity, antidiabetic activity, anti-ulcer activity, and anticoagulant activity, etc.…”

“…DPPH free radical scavenging assay was performed as per our previous experiment (5). The DPPH solution of 60 µM was prepared in DMSO and methanol separately.…”